LIJDLR

Volume 1 Issue IV

UNRAVELING THE IMPACT OF DEEPFAKES ON INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT THROUGH THE LENS OF INFORMATION WARFARE: AN ANALYSIS

Volume 1 Issue IV /

UNRAVELING THE IMPACT OF DEEPFAKES ON INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT THROUGH THE LENS OF INFORMATION WARFARE: AN ANALYSIS Shraddha Tiwari, Student at Christ University. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The emergence of deepfake technology in modern international context poses unprecedented threats to conventional frameworks for truth and originality. This legal paper on deepfake emphasizes the wide range of consequences that this phenomenon has not only concerning international agreements, diplomatic relations and security arrangements but also with respect to interrelations among states. Through revealing the history of deepfake development, this paper emphasizes its revolutionary effect on world affairs and especially for a part as an effective tool in the information warfare armory. The study conducts a critical analysis of international conventions, including the Geneva Conventions and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to evaluate their effectiveness in dealing with threats posed by deepfakes. Common examples of the key problems in contemporary legal frameworks are highlighted through case studies that present high-profile incidents such as The Pelosi Video Controversy, Navalny Poisoning Deepfake and EU Diplomatic Summit Incident drawing attention to a specialized approach needed for addressing deepfakes technology. The paper makes policy recommendations, suggesting the necessary amendments to existing treaties and new international agreements targeted at emerging technologies. Cultural specifics for India, the United States of America and Great Britain are discussed, pointing out an importance that ethics and human rights issues have in the formation of legal framework. The recommendations attempt to simultaneously achieve the efficacy of legal measures enabling a fight against threats posed by deepfake and maintain individual rights for freedoms while respecting democratic values. The paper discusses the necessity of international cooperation and also predicts the continuous evolution of deepfake, the challenges in forming a legal framework for the same and its execution both at national and Global level. It focuses on the variegated field of AI surveillance, analyzing its security impacts, scope opportunities as well as challenges in connection with international relations perspective. With the world’s security framework adopting AI surveillance, this study offers a critical analysis of legal and ethical aspects surrounding its implementation. Special attention is given to the new role of technology companies, in which technological advancements need to be balanced with legal safeguards and ethical norms. The paper seeks to contribute ongoing discourses by unpacking the complex balance between AI surveillance, security pressures and responsibilities of critical actors in the digital era. The policy recommendations advocated by the author are essentially for legislative amendments in India’s Information Technology Act, inclusion of deepfake related offenses in the legal system. Moreover, international collaboration is proposed through a Global Cybersecurity Agreement and a Transparency and Attribution Accords. Incorporation of human rights and ethics into policy frameworks to address the challenges posed by deepfake technology among countries and globally. The author concludes the paper by emphasizing the need for urgent and proactive measures to adopt international treaties and prevent information warfare and international conflicts among the countries in the near future. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 363-376. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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HINDUISM UNPREJUDICED STAKE ON THE THIRD GENDER

Volume 1 Issue IV /

HINDUISM UNPREJUDICED STAKE ON THE THIRD GENDER Ayushi Mittal, Student, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The approval of homosexuality as a gender through the lens of Hinduism is often a debated issue, Hindus claim that Hinduism condemns homosexuality, and it is voluntary in nature and unnatural. This research paper aims to critically analyze the available ancient texts of Hindu religion and the instances of the third gender in the same to prove Hinduism’s neutral voice on the third gender. It collates arguments as to whether homosexuality affects ethics, morals, society, religion, spirituality, sexual, physical and pleasures of love in general. It stresses on work done by John Cornivo, Michael Ruse, Michael Levin, and Arvind Sharma on the same. This paper substantiates that the four magnificent pillars of Hinduism that are ‘The Vedas’, and also the ‘Dharmashastras’ specifically ‘Manav Dharma’ Shastra neither condemn nor condone homosexuality. It also scrutinizes the Hindu texts and scriptures on the main principle of Dharma (righteous act), which also labels any sexual activity (homosexual or heterosexual) which specifically causes harm to someone, as adharmic or sinful. Lastly, it presents the lack of consonance of homosexuality with the ‘Natural Law’ or the ‘Law of Reason’. It also presents the philosophical viewpoints of the legal jurists and philosophers. The paper at the end affirms Hinduism’s impartial stake on homosexuality or the third gender as an identity. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 357-362. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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DARK WEB : UNVEILING THE PATHWAYS TO CRIMINALITY IN THE CYBER UNDERGROUND

Volume 1 Issue IV /

DARK WEB : UNVEILING THE PATHWAYS TO CRIMINALITY IN THE CYBER UNDERGROUND Gnanavel.L, Student – IV th year B.Com. LL.B (Hons),School of Excellence in Law [SOEL], The Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar Law University, Chennai, TAMILNADU. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT This research paper delves into the intricacies of the Dark Web and its impact on internet users, focusing on privacy, security, and the perpetration of cybercrimes. The advent of the Internet in the 20th century paved the way for the World Wide Web, transforming communication and information exchange globally. However, the ease of quick communication also raised concerns about privacy and security, particularly with the emergence of the Dark Web. The Dark Web constitutes a small but significant part of the Deep Web, requiring specialized software like the Tor browser for access. This hidden online environment facilitates both positive, secure communication and nefarious activities, creating a dichotomy. The research objectives include evaluating cybersecurity threats, analyzing societal impacts, and examining measures to regulate the Dark Web and reduce crime rates. The overview on the Dark Web explores its origins, structure, and access methods. Tor, developed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, plays a crucial role in accessing the Dark Web by employing onion routing for anonymity. Also, this paper highlights the three layers of the internet – Surface Web, Deep Web, and Dark Web – each serving different purposes. The criminal activities associated with the Dark Web are discussed, ranging from cyber terrorism and illegal markets to hitman hiring and information leakage. The paper sheds light on the challenges law enforcement faces in combating crimes on the Dark Web due to its encrypted and anonymous nature. The importance of legislative frameworks and law enforcement efforts is emphasized to curb cybercrimes and protect individuals’ security and privacy. In conclusion, the research underscores the significance of understanding the Dark Web’s dynamics to combat cybercrime effectively. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 346-356. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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UNDERSTANDING THE MULTIFACETED WEB OF FORCED MIGRATION IN INTERSTATE CONFLICTS

Volume 1 Issue IV /

UNDERSTANDING THE MULTIFACETED WEB OF FORCED MIGRATION IN INTERSTATE CONFLICTS Yash Singh, LLM (Criminal & Security Laws), Rashtriya Raksha University. Pragnya Prachurya Acharya, LLM (Criminal & Security Laws), Rashtriya Raksha University. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT Forced migration resulting from interstate conflicts presents a myriad of intricate challenges that reverberate throughout individuals, communities, and entire regions. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted complexities entwined with forced migration amid interstate conflicts, shedding light on its profound implications across humanitarian, protection, legal, socio-economic, psychosocial, and environmental dimensions. In the midst of interstate conflicts, a consequential humanitarian crisis unfolds, marked by large-scale displacement as a defining feature. Populations fleeing violence grapple with elemental challenges, including access to vital necessities such as sustenance, water, shelter, and healthcare. This displacement unveils heightened protection concerns, exposing vulnerable groups — women, children, and the elderly — to risks of gender-based violence, child recruitment, and exploitation. The looming threat of human trafficking is exacerbated as individuals traverse borders in pursuit of safety. The intricate dynamics of cross-border movements further convolute the landscape, as refugee flows strain relations between neighbouring nations, eliciting disputes over the responsibility for displaced populations. Host countries, contending with the surge of displaced individuals, grapple with economic, social, and political challenges, contributing to a delicate geopolitical equilibrium. Critical facets of forced migration manifest in legal and political dimensions. Tenuous frameworks for asylum and refugee protection pose impediments to affording appropriate legal status and rights to displaced individuals. Simultaneously, concerns surrounding national security in host countries escalate, amplifying the potential for the infiltration of insurgents among refugee populations. The profound psychosocial impact of forced migration is marked by trauma among those exposed to violence, loss, or displacement. Cultural dislocation compounds the struggle, necessitating communities to endeavour to preserve their identity and cohesion within unfamiliar surroundings. As displaced populations strain local resources, resource competition intensifies, engendering challenges across domains such as employment, housing, and public services. The environmental footprint of displaced populations on local ecosystems adds an additional layer of complexity. Navigating protracted challenges, including integration into countries of origin or host nations, becomes a prolonged and intricate process even post-conflict resolution. The reconstruction and rehabilitation of conflict-affected areas necessitate extensive efforts beyond the mere return of displaced populations. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 309-345. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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LOST YET PRESENT: THE RISE AND FALL OF A BREAKTHROUGH – RELEVANCE OF RYLANDS V. FLETCHER IN THE CONTEMPORARY EPOCH

Volume 1 Issue IV /

LOST YET PRESENT: THE RISE AND FALL OF A BREAKTHROUGH – RELEVANCE OF RYLANDS V. FLETCHER IN THE CONTEMPORARY EPOCH Neelanjana Ray, BBA LL.B. (Hons), 1st Year, GITAM (Deemed to Be) University, Visakhapatnam Main Campus. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The landmark case – Rylands v. Fletcher marks the fons et origo of one of the most critical aspects of the Law of Torts – Strict Liability, making it a milestone in this specific branch of law. As per the ‘Pigeon Hole Theory’ formulated by Salmond, up until 1868, judgments were passed based on precedent verdicts and known tortious activities which fitted into its designated ‘Pigeon Holes’. However, a brand-new situation arose, which shook the judiciary, as no other precedent was found similar to it. This case was utterly complicated as the defendant was neither negligent nor had any intention to do whatever he had done indirectly. This called for the establishment of a revolutionary rule that penalised the tort feasor for keeping any such dangerous thing with him, which, if escaped, could cause substantial harm to others. Having been immensely influential in the era, which could be traced back to the 1800s, the rule quite naturally lost its hold and dominance over the ages, deeming it seemingly redundant in the modern period. However, the relevance of this rule has not yet vanished; it still is, de facto, very much pertinent, even to this day. Since this rule deals with possessions of hazardous things which hold the power to cause damage if broken free, unless and until industrialisation ceases to exist, this rule will not lose its grip over the concept of culpability either. This rule might be concealed by various other present-day judgements, but as the ancient saying goes, old is gold – this rule is the grundnorm, the underlying basis of determining the accountability of commercial enterprises, keeping an eye on their notoriety in handling perilous objects. This, being a crucial case, is vast and has various minute details, implications, and elements, which will be explored in this paper henceforth. This topic is not to be dismissed as extraneous because what’s out of sight is not necessarily out of mind – and that is exactly the main aim of the paper. The crux of this article is to deconstruct the past, present and future of the archaic judgment, proving its relevance in the 21st century and in times yet to unfold by revisiting the rule, its origin, the essential conditions, defences and various other allied concepts. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 290-308. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024 Recent content Author Details (NIKITA AMBWANI & RUPALI CHAUHAN) LAW STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR Publication Details Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 2022 Published on 01/09/2022

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IMPACT ON LAND REFORM LAWS AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE

Volume 1 Issue IV /

IMPACT ON LAND REFORM LAWS AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE Meenatchi Priyatharshini R, Student at School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar Law University, Chennai. Pavithran S, Student at School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar Law University, Chennai. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT We had Article 31 and 19(1)(g) before the 44th Amendment, which gave the fundamental right to property. This was later on removed by the aforesaid Amendment. Having Article 31, the first Amendment brought in Article 31A and 31B, by which the land reform acts were given protection from the fundamental rights guaranteed under article 14 and 19. After the introduction of the doctrine of basic structure, Article 31A and 31B being a part of part III could also be considered as a part of the basic structure. But the very same article gives provisions to override the right to equality and freedom. Isn’t it a clash? This clash was settled by the nine-judges bench by the judiciary. In this article, the constitutional provisions which relates to right to property is discussed along with the impact of the basic structure doctrine in ninth schedule with a jurisprudential point of view. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 277-289. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024 Recent content Author Details (NIKITA AMBWANI & RUPALI CHAUHAN) LAW STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR Publication Details Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 2022 Published on 01/09/2022

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THE IGNORED FRONTIER: EXPLORING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ABORTION AND FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA

Volume 1 Issue IV /

THE IGNORED FRONTIER: EXPLORING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ABORTION AND FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN INDIA Yashi, Student at Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies (VSLLS) affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi. Amri Gupta, Student at ICFAI Law School, IFHE Hyderabad Download Manuscript ABSTRACT This article presents a nuanced view of the evolution of reproductive rights in India, with a specific focus on the legal landscapes surrounding abortion and the practice of female genital mutilation. It traces the historical trajectory from the contentious criminalization of miscarriage in the 1960s to the enactment of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act in 1971. Furthermore, it highlights the pivotal 2021 Amendment to the MTP Act of 1971 and its consequential 2022 judgment of X v. NCT of Delhi, which underscores the ongoing evolution of reproductive rights in the country. Parallelly, the article delves into the shadowy realm of FGM in India, highlighting  its origins, prevalence, and the intricate web of legal and health repercussions it entails. It confronts the challenges faced by the government in tackling this unregulated practice, including the cloak of religious sanction and the dearth of official data. Moreover, the narrative advocates for heightened awareness campaigns, urgent medical interventions for FGM survivors, and stringent legal measures against its proponents.  Throughout its discourse, the article underscores the importance of a compassionate and rights-based approach to reproductive rights. It calls for a comprehensive strategy that includes legal reforms, awareness campaigns, and support services for survivors. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 254-276. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024 Recent content Author Details (NIKITA AMBWANI & RUPALI CHAUHAN) LAW STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR Publication Details Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 2022 Published on 01/09/2022

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EPITOME OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND CYBER CRIME – SOCIO LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Volume 1 Issue IV /

EPITOME OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND CYBER CRIME – SOCIO LEGAL PERSPECTIVE Marru Vaaghdevi,2nd year B.A.LL.B student, Damodarm Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhaptnam Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The world’s use of social media is expanding gradually. To connect with one another, people of all ages and genders are opening accounts on online social networks.  Some people have followers ranging from dozens to thousands distributed over several profiles. With the use of social media, individuals may connect, interact, and share content with others all over the world.  But there are also a lot of false profiles out there. False accounts frequently spam reputable people by uploading offensive or unlawful stuff. Moreover, false accounts are made to harass a known individual by falsely portraying them. The enormous development in the usage of social media and networking sites has made it easier for cybercriminals to carry out unlawful operations. Social media is like honey to a wasp when it comes to cybercrime. Scammers view social media users as a captive, gullible audience that may be convinced to partake in actions they might typically be more skeptical about. Together with the ability to exchange ideas and pictures, social media has effectively developed a platform for cybercrime. Online threats, stalking, and cyberbullying are frequent crimes perpetrated on or as a result of social media. Cybercrimes may be decreased, however, by adopting precautions like using antivirus software, closing browser windows, and not pursuing strangers you find online. The paper examines how social media affects young people as well as the factors contributing to the rise in cybercrime on social media. The Research paper lays emphasis on typical types of cybercrimes committed through social media and looks at how the law may be used to spot such crimes and stop them before they happen. The Research paper also makes some recommendations on how to raise awareness of cybercrime’s effects effectively and holistically among the nation’s young. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 232-253. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024 Recent content Author Details (NIKITA AMBWANI & RUPALI CHAUHAN) LAW STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR Publication Details Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 2022 Published on 01/09/2022

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NAVIGATING DIGITAL DEFAMATION: INSIGHTS INTO INDIAN LAWS, ISP’S LIABILITY, AND PUBLISHER’S RESPONSIBILITY

Volume 1 Issue IV /

NAVIGATING DIGITAL DEFAMATION: INSIGHTS INTO INDIAN LAWS, ISP’S LIABILITY, AND PUBLISHER’S RESPONSIBILITY Shruti Mishra, Student at NMIMS Kirit P. Mehta School of Law. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The global population surge accompanies technological advancements, notably the rise of social media since the early 2000s. Social medias now plays a crucial role in daily life, offering secure and rapid communication and expression opportunities. However, this double-edged sword introduces both positive and negative aspects. While facilitating connectivity, increased social media use also leads to various crimes, notably defamation. This study focuses on defamation as a prevalent cybercrime, examining its occurrence on social media platforms and the broader internet. The publication of derogatory content online makes cyberspace a susceptible domain for such acts, highlighting the complex interplay between technology and legal challenges. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 220-231. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024 Recent content Author Details (NIKITA AMBWANI & RUPALI CHAUHAN) LAW STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR Publication Details Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 2022 Published on 01/09/2022

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A LEGAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY ON EMERGENCY PROVISION IN INDIA (1935 TO PRESENT)

Volume 1 Issue IV /

A LEGAL AND HISTORICAL STUDY ON EMERGENCY PROVISION IN INDIA (1935 TO PRESENT) Pavithran S, student at School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar Law University, Chennai. Meenatchi Priyatharshini R, student at School of Excellence in Law, Tamil Nadu Dr Ambedkar Law University, Chennai. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The country which forgets the history that needs no evil to destroy itself, because forgetting one’s own history is sufficient to destroy it, said Swamy Vivekananda. A country should focus on the historical evolutionary part, while making a decision, which would provide appropriate guidance to resolve the current challenges. In the Indian constitution Articles 352 to Article 360 deal with the emergency provisions to tackle the extraordinary situations. Emergency provisions have an evolutionary history from the Government of India Act of 1935 to the present day. This evolution contains very interesting amendments, the 42nd and 44th Constitution amendments. This work focuses on the legal and historical evolutionary part of Indian emergency provisions. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 211-219. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024 Recent content Author Details (NIKITA AMBWANI & RUPALI CHAUHAN) LAW STUDENTS, UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN, JAIPUR Publication Details Volume 1 Issue 1 Year 2022 Published on 01/09/2022

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