BEYOND THE FINAL FRONTIER: NAVIGATING THE LEGAL COSMOS OF OUTER SPACE REGULATION

This research paper examines the evolving legal landscape governing outer space activities in an era of unprecedented commercial and military expansion beyond Earth’s atmosphere. It analyzes the foundational principles established during the Cold War through the Outer Space Treaty and subsequent conventions, while highlighting their limitations in addressing contemporary challenges. The paper explores critical jurisdictional questions regarding territorial claims, flag state authority, and criminal jurisdiction in the absence of traditional sovereignty. It investigates the legal complexities surrounding commercial exploitation of celestial resources, space traffic management, debris mitigation, and private actor participation. The militarization of space receives particular attention, analyzing the ambiguities in international law regarding weapons placement and military activities. The study identifies significant gaps in dispute resolution mechanisms and proposes adaptive governance frameworks to address emerging issues. By examining these interconnected regulatory challenges, the paper contributes to developing a coherent legal approach that balances commercial development, security concerns, environmental sustainability, and equitable access as humanity expands into the final frontier.