Globalisation in the 21st century has become a defining phenomenon, shaping economic, political, and socio-cultural landscapes across the world. While it has promoted interconnectedness, innovation, and cross-cultural exchange, it has simultaneously posed serious challenges to cultural sovereignty, particularly in the context of identity, autonomy, and preservation of heritage. Cultural sovereignty, understood as the right of a community or nation to protect and promote its distinct traditions, values, and identity, has been increasingly tested by the homogenising tendencies of globalisation. The dominance of Western cultural products, global consumerist trends, and the expansion of digital platforms have contributed to the dilution of indigenous traditions, endangered languages, and weakened national cultural autonomy. At the same time, globalisation has not only created pressures but has also enabled new spaces for resistance, adaptation, and hybridisation. Nations and communities have responded through glocalization, revival of indigenous practices, and legal mechanisms aimed at cultural protection. The role of international organisations such as UNESCO and legal frameworks such as UNDRIP highlights the tension between global integration and the preservation of cultural heritage. Furthermore, contemporary challenges such as mass migration, climate change-induced displacement, and the spread of social media raise fresh concerns about sustaining cultural sovereignty in the digital era. This research paper critically examines these dynamics through historical, theoretical, and contemporary perspectives, while also analysing case studies and policy instruments. It aims to propose constructive pathways that balance global participation with the safeguarding of cultural identity and autonomy in the 21st century.