LIJDLR

REIMAGINING PANCH WITNESSES IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Aabha Jain, 3rd Year ,PhD Research Scholar at Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam (India)

The institution of the panch witness occupies a significant place in Indian criminal procedure, functioning as a human-centric procedural safeguard intended to ensure transparency, fairness, and credibility during searches, seizures, and other investigative acts. Despite its normative importance, the practical operation of the panch witness system has been consistently questioned due to concerns relating to availability, independence, procedural formalism, and post facto reconstruction of investigative steps. Simultaneously, criminal investigations increasingly operate within a technologically mediated environment shaped by digital documentation. This paper critically examines the evolving interface between artificial intelligence and the panch witness system, focusing on how AI-assisted mechanisms can supplement and reform traditional procedural safeguards without displacing their underlying objectives. It adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology within the framework of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. The paper argues that while video recording and metadata-based documentation are digital tools, artificial intelligence plays a crucial role in authenticating, analysing, and managing such records through tamper detection, procedural compliance analysis, and secure chain-of-custody systems. These capabilities enhance the evidentiary reliability and transparency that panch witnesses were originally designed to secure. At the same time, the paper identifies significant challenges arising from the integration of AI into criminal procedure, including risks of technological over-reliance, opacity of algorithmic systems, potential manipulation of digital evidence, and concerns relating to privacy and due process. The paper concludes by advocating a cautious hybrid procedural model in which AI-assisted systems complement, rather than replace, panch witnesses, thereby reimagining their role in a manner consistent with constitutional values and the contemporary demands of criminal justice.

📄 Type 🔍 Information
Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research (LIJDLR), Volume 4, Issue 3, Page 161–179.
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