LIJDLR

Volume III Issue IV

THREAT OF DEEPFAKES AND INDIAN CRIMINAL LAW’S ADEQUACY TO ADDRESS THE EMERGENT NEED FOR PROTECTIONS

Volume III Issue IV /

THREAT OF DEEPFAKES AND INDIAN CRIMINAL LAW’S ADEQUACY TO ADDRESS THE EMERGENT NEED FOR PROTECTIONS Aditi Pandey, LLB 2nd Year Student at lloyd law college (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.139 This paper addresses the growing threat of AI-enabled crimes, particularly deepfakes and identity intrusion, which jeopardize the right to privacy, reputation, and public order. It examines the adequacy of existing Indian legal frameworks, including the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and the Information Technology Act, in providing recourse and remedies to victims. The proliferation of generative AI technologies has made it increasingly easy to create hyper-realistic synthetic media that can deceive viewers, manipulate public opinion, and cause irreparable harm to individuals and institutions. From non-consensual intimate imagery targeting women to political disinformation campaigns designed to influence elections, deepfakes present multifaceted challenges that existing laws were not designed to address. This paper critically evaluates key provisions under the BNS 2023, including those related to forgery, defamation, criminal intimidation, and sexual offenses, alongside relevant sections of the IT Act 2000 concerning identity theft, impersonation, and obscene content as well as absence of deepfake-specific legislation, the paper further analyzes global legal responses to such crimes and proposes reforms tailored to the Indian context to bridge the identified legislative and enforcement gaps.

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IMPACT OF COMPETITION AMENDMENT ACT 2023

Volume III Issue IV /

IMPACT OF COMPETITION AMENDMENT ACT 2023 Tej Sandilya, (4th Year) BA.LLB at Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.138 Competition Law in India has been introduced for the effective implementation of policies in the market and to act against anti-competitive agreements. The main job of competition law is to maintain healthy competition in the market. Not only in India but also around the world, every country has its competition law to regulate their markets, Brazil has Antitrust laws that aim to protect free competition and prevent anti-competitive practices, with the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) as the enforcement body. The history of competition law can be traced back to the enactment of the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act, also known as antitrust laws, which were introduced in the USA around the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively. In India, the history of competition law can be traced back to the implementation of the MRTP Act 1969, Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act. In 2002, the MRTP was repealed by the Competition Act, which was passed by the parliament in 2002 and came into effect in 2009. The Competition Act 2002 was to promote competition in India and consider the interest of the public at large. After almost 20 years, the competition act was amended in 2023. The amendment focuses on enhancing regulatory efficiency, promotes fair competition, and addresses challenges posed by the digital economy. This research paper focuses on every aspect of the amendment like deal value thresholds, settlements and commitments, leniency provisions, and changes in penalties.

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FROM LOOPHOLES TO LEGAL SAFEGUARDS: TRANSFORMING JUDICIAL CONDUCT IN BAIL PROCEEDINGS THROUGH SATENDER KUMAR ANTIL VERSUS CBI

Volume III Issue IV /

FROM LOOPHOLES TO LEGAL SAFEGUARDS: TRANSFORMING JUDICIAL CONDUCT IN BAIL PROCEEDINGS THROUGH SATENDER KUMAR ANTIL VERSUS CBI Ms. Bhavana Dhoundiyal, Assistant Professor, IILM University, Greater Noida (India). Adv. Prachi Chawla, LL.M. Batch 2025-2026, IILM University, Greater Noida (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.137 For a long time, Indian legal provisions regarding Bail has struggled to find equilibrium between protecting people’s freedom and meeting the needs of the criminal justice system. Even though Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution guarantee certain rights, court decisions before Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI left loopholes in making sure that arrest and bail procedures were the just and fair. Precedents like Arnesh Kumar case and Siddharth Case gave some guiding principles, but they didn’t have strong enforcement mechanism. This led to arbitrary arrests and inconsistent behaviour by judges when deciding bail. The judgement in Satender Kumar Antil’s case methodically categorizes offences and it mandates rigorous compliance with Sections 41 and 41A of the Criminal Procedure Code and requires principle-based judicial reasoning in bail applications. Using doctrinal research methodology, this paper examines provisions, Supreme Court decisions and Law Commission reports to show how this ruling changed the basis of decision from being discretion to being principles while adjudicating bail matters. It also points out the gaps that still exist and the need for laws to codify bail principles.

FROM LOOPHOLES TO LEGAL SAFEGUARDS: TRANSFORMING JUDICIAL CONDUCT IN BAIL PROCEEDINGS THROUGH SATENDER KUMAR ANTIL VERSUS CBI Read More »

INSIDER TRADING AND UNPUBLISHED PRICE SENSITIVE INFORMATION IN INDIA – EXAMINING REGULATORY LOOPHOLES, EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES AND THE IMPERATIVE FOR STRONGER ENFORCEMENT

Volume III Issue IV /

INSIDER TRADING AND UNPUBLISHED PRICE SENSITIVE INFORMATION IN INDIA – EXAMINING REGULATORY LOOPHOLES, EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES AND THE IMPERATIVE FOR STRONGER ENFORCEMENT Hridyanshu Mahajan, 2nd Year B.B.A. LL.B (Hons.) Student at ILC, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, Delhi, (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.136 The Federal nature of India as envisaged in the Constitution of India, represents an interactive and harmonious liaison between the Centre and the States along the legislative, administrative and financial spheres. The workings of Indian federalism, however, have been characterized by intra-State domination, hiccups and unbalanced growth. The paper has taken a critical look at the constitutional provisions (Articles 245 to 263), institutional mechanism, and changing politics that characterize Centre State relationship. It points out structural problems like vertical fiscal imbalance, little autonomy of States, political centralization and deterioration of consultative forums like the Inter-State Council and Finances Commission. This paper finds that the evidences suggest systemic encumbrance on federal operations through an examination of the occurrence of the following policy episodes, which include; the announcement of the GST, passing of the farm laws, and failing to compensate GST.  More so, it proposes inter-State developmental inequalities, emergency measures, and politicization of the powers of the governor to be major obstacles of cooperative federalism. Based on constitutional directive, expert reports of the committee and monetary statistics, the paper offers solutions with reformist leaning such as fortification of institutional federalism, adjustment of fiscal transfers and formalized consultations between the Centre and the State. It is concluded that, in order to reap the fulfilment of a balanced, inclusive and a functioning federal India, it is important to commit again to the principles of decentralisation, democratic federalism and mutual respect between the States and the Union.

INSIDER TRADING AND UNPUBLISHED PRICE SENSITIVE INFORMATION IN INDIA – EXAMINING REGULATORY LOOPHOLES, EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES AND THE IMPERATIVE FOR STRONGER ENFORCEMENT Read More »

RETHINKING FEDERALISM: ADDRESSING ASYMMETRIES IN CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS IN INDIA

Volume III Issue IV /

RETHINKING FEDERALISM: ADDRESSING ASYMMETRIES IN CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS IN INDIA Komal Shetty, Semester 9 BA LLB, Swami Vivekanand College of Law (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.135 The Federal nature of India as envisaged in the Constitution of India, represents an interactive and harmonious liaison between the Centre and the States along the legislative, administrative and financial spheres. The workings of Indian federalism, however, have been characterized by intra-State domination, hiccups and unbalanced growth. The paper has taken a critical look at the constitutional provisions (Articles 245 to 263), institutional mechanism, and changing politics that characterize Centre State relationship. It points out structural problems like vertical fiscal imbalance, little autonomy of States, political centralization and deterioration of consultative forums like the Inter-State Council and Finances Commission. This paper finds that the evidences suggest systemic encumbrance on federal operations through an examination of the occurrence of the following policy episodes, which include; the announcement of the GST, passing of the farm laws, and failing to compensate GST.  More so, it proposes inter-State developmental inequalities, emergency measures, and politicization of the powers of the governor to be major obstacles of cooperative federalism. Based on constitutional directive, expert reports of the committee and monetary statistics, the paper offers solutions with reformist leaning such as fortification of institutional federalism, adjustment of fiscal transfers and formalized consultations between the Centre and the State. It is concluded that, in order to reap the fulfilment of a balanced, inclusive and a functioning federal India, it is important to commit again to the principles of decentralisation, democratic federalism and mutual respect between the States and the Union.

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RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STATELESS CHILDREN IN GLOBALIZE ERA

Volume III Issue IV /

RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STATELESS CHILDREN IN GLOBALIZE ERA Anita Barman, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor of law, Uttarayan College of Law, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, West Bengal (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.134 Children are disproportionately affected by statelessness, a serious human rights issue that denies them a legal identity, access to essential services, and the chance to live a life of dignity. In India, the issue of stateless children stems from intricate historical, political, and legal elements, such as partition, migration, and deficiencies in nationality legislation. Despite constitutional rights and international duties under agreements like the UNCRC, children born in former enclaves, border regions, or to refugee and migrant families are frequently left without citizenship. This piece examines the reasons, effects, and difficulties of statelessness in children within India.  It analyzes the function of judicial interventions, focuses on the administrative and legal obstacles that keep children from obtaining nationality, and evaluates the effects of new laws like as the NRC. The study also examines the economic and social ramifications of statelessness, including social protection, healthcare, and educational marginalization. This research conducts a comparative analysis regarding the status Stateless Children in India with other countries to know the actual scenario in the South Asian region. The research ends with suggestions for extensive legal changes, enhanced enforcement of birth registration, and compliance with global standards to guarantee each child’s right to nationality. In order to create an inclusive society and protect the fundamental rights of all Indian children, statelessness must be addressed.

RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STATELESS CHILDREN IN GLOBALIZE ERA Read More »

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION AND LAW

Volume III Issue IV /

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION AND LAW Wasim Ul Haq, B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) Graduate, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.133 Social media has become a defining element of the 21st century, transforming how individuals express opinions, mobilize communities, and engage with the law. Digital platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and Instagram have evolved into virtual forums that influence public perception, social behavior, and even judicial decision-making. This paper examines how social media functions as a double-edged tool—serving as both a democratic space for awareness and a breeding ground for misinformation. It explores the interrelationship between law and online expression in India, analyzing landmark cases such as Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) and Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020). The study highlights how public opinion generated through social media has influenced judicial trends, legislative amendments, and activism. It further discusses the challenges of regulating digital spaces while preserving the constitutional right to free speech. Ultimately, this paper argues that a balanced approach between freedom and accountability is essential to ensure that social media remains a tool of empowerment rather than manipulation.

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TEMPLES AND TAXES: FISCAL SUPPORT FOR RELIGION UNDER THE CHOLA DYNASTY, VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND JAGANNATH TEMPLE

Volume III Issue IV /

TEMPLES AND TAXES: FISCAL SUPPORT FOR RELIGION UNDER THE CHOLA DYNASTY, VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND JAGANNATH TEMPLE Dhanavel B, Final Year Student of LL.M. (Taxation Laws) in Government Law College, Coimbatore, Affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Tamil Nadu (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.132 Imposing Tax is the sovereign power of the state. It can impose tax and use it for the general purpose of the people. Welfare states use tax revenue for the general welfare purposes, irrespective of giving weightage to any particular religion. By referring to the history of India, some Indian kingdoms used tax revenue for the development of the Hindu temples. They used some special taxes for that purpose. This is called “Religious Taxes”.  Sometimes, ruling kings levied this kind of tax for the development of religion, and sometimes, temple administration got the power to impose taxes and used it for its development. Some kingdoms used their general tax revenue towards religion. Those taxes served the intended objectives. Chola Dynasty, Vijayanagara Empire and Jagannath Temple are some examples for such practices.  But in the present day, sovereign states have transformed into secular sovereign states. So, there is no such imposition of religious taxes now. Some temple administrations still impose fees and other levies for their development, but no sovereign imposition of religious taxes now.

TEMPLES AND TAXES: FISCAL SUPPORT FOR RELIGION UNDER THE CHOLA DYNASTY, VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND JAGANNATH TEMPLE Read More »

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, MAINTENANCE, AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS: A CROSS-PERSONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE IN INDIA

Volume III Issue IV /

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, MAINTENANCE, AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS: A CROSS-PERSONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE IN INDIA Ms. Palak Jha, 3rd Semester, Student at IILM University, Greater Noida (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.131 Domestic violence and women’s right to maintenance constitute two deeply interlinked dimensions of gender justice in India. Despite substantial legal reforms and constitutional guarantees, Indian women continue to face systemic inequalities rooted in the coexistence of personal laws that differ across religious lines. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 represents a secular legislative attempt to address intimate partner violence and ensure protection, residence, and maintenance rights. However, this uniform civil protection contrasts sharply with the diverse personal laws that regulate marriage, divorce, and post-marital support within distinct religious communities, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Parsis. This research paper examines the structural, constitutional, and judicial complexities that arise from this pluralistic legal framework. It examines how personal laws intersect with constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and non-discrimination, and the extent to which Indian courts have harmonized religious autonomy with gender justice. Through doctrinal and analytical methodologies, the study reviews statutory provisions, landmark judgments, and scholarly literature to evaluate whether the Indian legal system has achieved substantive justice for women or continues to entrench religious and gender hierarchies. The paper argues that while progressive judicial interpretations, particularly in Mohd. Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano Begum, Danial Latifi v Union of India, and Indra Sarma v V K V Sarma have advanced the cause of women’s rights within a constitutional framework; however, the absence of uniformity across personal laws continues to limit the effectiveness of these protections. The study concludes that only through harmonization of personal laws within the constitutional fabric can India fulfil its commitment to gender equality and human dignity.

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TRADEMARK SEARCH AI AND THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR

Volume III Issue IV /

TRADEMARK SEARCH AI AND THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR Trapti kashyap, LLM Student at Lovely professional university (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.130 Property Rights, particularly in trademark search and protection. As businesses increasingly develop and expand brands across borders, the demand for efficient, accurate, and comprehensive trademark search mechanisms has grown. Traditional manual search systems, which were heavily dependent on human judgment, often resulted in inconsistent outcomes, delays, and errors. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed this process through automation, predictive analytics, and image-recognition capabilities, which together improve accuracy, speed, and global reach. Modern AI-based trademark search tools use natural language processing, machine learning, and visual similarity detection to identify potential conflicts with existing trademarks. These tools assess linguistic, phonetic, graphical, and contextual factors to evaluate the likelihood of confusion between marks. This technological advancement has improved the efficiency of intellectual property offices worldwide and has enabled brand owners to make better filing decisions. Applications such as TrademarkNow, Corsearch, and Clarivate use deep learning to produce search reports almost instantly, replacing a traditional process that typically required several days. AI also supports private sector entities, including law firms, multinational corporations, and start-ups, by assisting with due diligence and risk assessments before filing or enforcing trademark rights. Private legal-tech companies have played an important role by creating proprietary AI systems that allow users to search across multiple jurisdictions on a single platform. Their collaborations with organizations such as the World Intellectual Property Organization and various national trademark offices have further promoted transparency, interoperability, and wider access to trademark data.

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