LIJDLR

Volume III Issue IV

STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY: FROM CAUSES TO CONSEQUENCES

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STOCK MARKET VOLATILITY: FROM CAUSES TO CONSEQUENCES Anuj Wankhade, Research Scholar at Vishwakarma University, Pune (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.169 Asset return volatility has become a central focus for investors, policymakers, portfolio managers, brokers, academicians, and regulators, as it significantly influences financial decision-making and capital market performance. The stock market plays a crucial role in a country’s economic development, and volatility, widely regarded as a measure of financial vulnerability, creates uncertainty that affects investment expectations and outcomes. Volatility is triggered by the arrival of new information and is shaped by public information, private signals, and historical price trends. Defined as instability or fluctuation, volatility is commonly measured through standard deviation, capturing daily, weekly, and monthly price variations. A wide range of factors contribute to volatility, including macroeconomic indicators, political developments, market sentiment, and technological changes, all of which can alter investor confidence and market stability. While previous studies have examined specific causes and effects of stock market volatility, there remains a need for a comprehensive understanding of the interactions among these determinants and their broader implications. This research seeks to identify the primary drivers of stock market volatility, analyse the mechanisms through which they influence market behaviour, and assess their consequences for diverse stakeholders. By bridging existing gaps in the literature, the study aims to provide deeper insights into the causes and consequences of volatility in financial markets, thereby supporting informed decision-making and effective risk management.

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DETENTION CAMPS IN INDIA: LEGAL CONCERNS AND PATHWAYS TO REFORM

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DETENTION CAMPS IN INDIA: LEGAL CONCERNS AND PATHWAYS TO REFORM Biprajit Chatterjee, B.A.LL.B, 4th Year, 7th Semester Student at West Bengal (India) Taniya Deb, B.A.LL.B, 4th Year, 7th Semester Student at West Bengal (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.168 This study explores the operation of detention camps in India, examining their compliance with legal standards and implications for human rights. Focusing on the regulatory landscape established by the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), it evaluates the legality and constitutionality of detention practices. By scrutinizing the adequacy of due process and the protection of individual rights within these facilities, the study aims to discern potential violations and gaps in the legal framework governing detention procedures. Furthermore, the study investigates the conditions prevailing within detention camps, including overcrowding, substandard living conditions, and limited access to healthcare, analyzing their conformity with international human rights standards. It also explores allegations of mistreatment and abuse, considering their legal ramifications and the avenues for redress. Moreover, the study examines the impact of detention camps on marginalized communities, identifying patterns of systemic discrimination and disproportionate representation. By elucidating these disparities, it seeks to inform policy discourse and advocate for measures to address underlying inequalities. Ultimately, the study advocates for transparency, accountability, and the protection of human rights within the context of detention practices. It endeavors to contribute to the development of a legal and humanitarian framework that upholds principles of justice, dignity, and equality for all individuals affected by detention policies in India.

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HINDUTVA, POLITICS, AND KHALISTAN: A STUDY ON THE RE-IGNITION OF THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY

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HINDUTVA, POLITICS, AND KHALISTAN: A STUDY ON THE RE-IGNITION OF THE KHALISTAN MOVEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY Anuradha Padhy, Associate Faculty at Vijaybhoomi University, Maharashtra (India) Pallavi Chikkala, Associate Faculty at Vijaybhoomi University, Maharashtra (India) Ujjwala Karambhe, Associate Faculty at Vijaybhoomi University, Maharashtra (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.167 This paper examines the parallel histories and ideologies of Hindutva and the Khalistan movement, two divergent currents in Indian politics. Hindutva, articulated by Vinayak D. Savarkar in the early 20th century, envisions India as a “Hindu nation” defined by common culture and ancestry, and has underpinned the rise of Hindu nationalist parties (e.g. RSS/BJP) in India’s politics. In contrast, the Khalistan movement emerged in the 1970s–80s as a Sikh separatist campaign demanding an independent Punjab for Sikhs, galvanized by grievances over community rights and events like Operation Blue Star. We trace the key origins and figures (e.g. Savarkar, Bhindranwale), doctrinal tenets, and major events (e.g. Babri Masjid demolition in 1992, 1984 anti-Sikh riots) that shaped each ideology. The analysis then turns to recent developments as of 2025: in India, Hindutva has been institutionalized through the electoral dominance of the BJP, new laws (e.g. CAA, anti-conversion statutes), and changes in education (Hindu-centric curricula). Simultaneously, the Khalistan cause has seen a resurgence abroad, especially among diasporic Sikh communities in Canada, the UK, and the US. High-profile incidents – notably the 2023 assassination of Canadian Sikh leader Hardeep Nijjar and subsequent Canada–India diplomatic clash – spotlight renewed activism and state tensions. Social media and digital campaigns have become crucial to Khalistan advocacy (e.g. online “referendums,” virtual protests). 

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THE VANISHING NATIONS AND THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF CLIMATE REFUGEES FROM SINKING ISLAND STATES

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THE VANISHING NATIONS AND THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF CLIMATE REFUGEES FROM SINKING ISLAND STATES Anbunila P, 4TH (BBA LLB HONS), BHARATH INSTITUTE OF LAW – BIHER, Chennai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.166 Whole nations are slowly going underwater not due to war or poverty, but rather rising sea levels. As islands such as Tuvalu and Kiribati watch their territorial borders slip away along with their land mass, one very ominous legal question now arises: what happens to a nation whose land disappears, and what happens to the people of that nation when there is no state for them to identify themselves as citizens of? This article addresses a significantly under-explored area of climate-induced statelessness and the legal invisibility of climate refugees in international law. Using a doctrinal and comparative approach, this paper evaluates and critiques the deficiencies of existing legal regimes-the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1961 Statelessness Convention-in tackling such legal question. The paper also looks at how existing frameworks, such as the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, do not grant displaced persons due binding protection from environmental collapse, and how the absence of enforceable obligations continues to marginalize affected communities. It considers the emerging responses, including the proposals for digital sovereignty where nations such as Tuvalu attempt to preserve their identity, governance, and culture through technological continuity. It argues that ultimately, climate displacement is a constitutional and moral crisis, not just a humanitarian concern, which redefines concepts of nationhood, citizenship, and human rights; it calls for wide-reaching legal reform, ethical responsibility, and collective international cooperation to ensure that when land disappears, the law, identity, and justice will endure beyond the tides.

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PRISON OVERCROWDING IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND REFORM MEASURES

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PRISON OVERCROWDING IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND REFORM MEASURES Chaitali Das, LLM, Department of Law, Murshidabad University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.165 Overcrowding in Indian prisons has become one of the leading issues in the criminal justice system. Ample of evidence suggests that a large proportion of the prison population includes undertrial prisoners who are incarcerated for long periods of time, which is often attributed to delays in the judicial process of adjudicating cases, limited legal aid services, and socio-economic conditions. Overcrowding in prisons results in situations that are inhumane and unsanitary, decreases accessibility to adequate health care, increases instances of violence in prisons, and provides minimal or no rehabilitative prospects. This paper will examine the historical background of prisons in India, the structural and systemic bases for why overcrowded prisons exist, and the far-reaching effects on prisoners, staff, and society. It will also include recent statistical data to demonstrate the current state of prisons in India, and suggest broad reforms, including speedy trials, examining alternatives to imprisonment, improving humane treatment of prisoners, enhancing conditions of prisons, better access to legal aid services, and improving rehabilitation opportunities. Addressing overcrowded prisons is crucial to safeguard constitutional rights, humane treatment of prisoners, and a functioning justice system focused on rehabilitation.

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RECOGNISING THE UNRECOGNISED: THE PURSUIT OF IDENTITY AND DIGNITY BY TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN INDIA

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RECOGNISING THE UNRECOGNISED: THE PURSUIT OF IDENTITY AND DIGNITY BY TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN INDIA K.Abitha, Pursuing LLM at Government Law college at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.164 Transgender persons in India have historically endured social exclusion, marginalisation, and systemic denial of their rights. Despite constitutional safeguards and landmark judicial interventions, including NALSA v. Union of India (2014), and the enactment of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, they continue to face significant challenges in asserting their identity and securing dignity. This study seeks to explore the legal frameworks, socio-cultural barriers, and policy measures that shape the lived experiences of transgender persons in contemporary India. By analysing judicial pronouncements, legislative provisions, and social realities, the research highlights the gap between legal recognition and social acceptance. It critically evaluates the effectiveness of existing laws in empowering transgender persons and examines the role of public policy, societal attitudes, and educational initiatives in promoting inclusion. The study also draws comparative insights from international human rights practices to suggest pathways for reform. In doing so, it emphasises that legal recognition alone is insufficient; sustained social, cultural, and institutional support is essential to realise the fundamental rights of transgender persons. As Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman once remarked, “The Constitution does not merely protect the majority; it safeguards the rights of those who are marginalised and vulnerable.” This research ultimately advocates for a holistic approach that not only recognises transgender persons legally but also affirms their identity, dignity, and rightful place in Indian society.

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(“RETRACTED ARTICLE”) HARNESSING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR CLIMATE ACTION: PROMOTING GREEN INNOVATION THROUGH LEGAL REFORM

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RETRACTED ARTICLE HARNESSING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR CLIMATE ACTION: PROMOTING GREEN INNOVATION THROUGH LEGAL REFORM This article has been retracted and should not be cited as a research article. The DOI is retained solely for record purposes. Arya Verma, LL.M IPR, National Law University Delhi (India) doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.163 RETRACTION NOTICE Title: Harnessing Intellectual Property for Climate Action: Promoting Green Innovation through Legal ReformAuthor: Arya VermaJournal: LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research (LIJDLR)Volume/Issue: Volume 3 Issue 4 (2025)DOI: 10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.163 The Editorial Board of the LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research hereby informs readers that the above-mentioned article has been retracted. The author communicated a request for withdrawal after the completion of copyright formalities and while the manuscript was already in the publication stage. At the time the communication was received, the manuscript had already proceeded through the publication workflow and was consequently published. Subsequently, the author informed the Editorial Board that the same manuscript had already been published in another journal, which is contrary to the journal’s submission and publication policies. Upon examination of the matter and in order to uphold academic integrity and publication ethics, the Editorial Board has decided to formally retract the article from the journal’s active scholarly record. The full text of the article has been withdrawn from public access. This retraction does not affect the publication status, pagination, or DOI assignment of other articles published in the same issue. Date of Retraction: 14th December 2025.

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REGULATORY EQUILIBRIUM IN EMERGING MARKETS: SAFEGUARDING CONSUMERS WHILE PRESERVING FINTECH INNOVATION UNDER NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN SOUTH ASIA

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REGULATORY EQUILIBRIUM IN EMERGING MARKETS: SAFEGUARDING CONSUMERS WHILE PRESERVING FINTECH INNOVATION UNDER NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN SOUTH ASIA Anmol Singhal, 4th Year B.A. LL.B Student at Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) New Law College, Pune (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.162 The rapid proliferation of financial technology across South Asian economies has created unprecedented opportunities for financial inclusion and digital transformation, yet simultaneously exposed regulatory gaps that threaten consumer interests and systemic stability. This paper examines the critical nexus between innovation facilitation and consumer protection mechanisms within existing national regulatory frameworks across the region. Drawing on comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and other South Asian jurisdictions, the study investigates how policymakers navigate the inherent tensions between fostering a competitive fintech ecosystem and implementing robust safeguards against predatory practices, data breaches, and systemic risks. The paper argues that effective regulation requires not merely restrictive compliance but rather a calibrated, innovation-aware legal architecture that accommodates emerging business models, including digital lending platforms, payment service providers, and alternative investment mechanisms, whilst maintaining stringent consumer protection standards. Through examination of licensing frameworks, prudential norms, and grievance redressal mechanisms, this work demonstrates that the regulatory challenge in South Asia transcends traditional binary approaches. Instead, it necessitates dynamic legal instruments capable of evolving alongside technological advancement, supported by institutional capacity-building among regulators and meaningful stakeholder participation. The research concludes that sustainable fintech governance depends on establishing enforceable consumer protection standards, transparent algorithmic accountability and cross-border regulatory coordination, without imposing prohibitive compliance burdens that stifle legitimate innovation. Ultimately, this paper contributes to ongoing policy discourse by proposing a contextualised regulatory framework suited to South Asia’s development imperatives and technological trajectory.

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CONSUMER JUSTICE, MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT: A COMMENT ON DEEP NURSING HOME V. MANMEET SINGH MATTEWAL (2025 INSC 1094)

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CONSUMER JUSTICE, MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT: A COMMENT ON DEEP NURSING HOME V. MANMEET SINGH MATTEWAL (2025 INSC 1094) Appoorvaa S, 2nd Year LL.M (Criminal Law and Criminal Justice Administration), School of Excellence in Law, The Tamilnadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.161 The Supreme Court of India, in Deep Nursing Home and Another v. Manmeet Singh Mattewal and Others, reaffirmed one of the cornerstones of adjudicatory discipline — that no tribunal or consumer forum may travel beyond the pleadings of the parties or reconstruct a case never advanced before it. This judgment, by Justice Sanjay Kumar and Justice Satish Chandra Sharma, marks an important point in consumer jurisprudence, particularly within the domain of medical negligence. The Court set aside concurrent findings of the State and National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions (SCDRC and NCDRC), which had imposed liability upon medical professionals despite the absence of corresponding allegations in the original pleadings. The Importance of this decision goes well beyond its factual matrix: it reinstates judicial restraint within consumer for a, strengthens the sanctity of pleadings, and reiterates the requirement of expert medical opinion for the determination of professional negligence. The reasoning of the Court is based on seminal judgments like Trojan & Co. v. Nagappa Chettiar and Ram Sarup Gupta v. Bishun Narain Inter College that have long stated that adjudication must be limited to the issues thrown up by the parties. While contextualizing this case, the Supreme Court has strengthened the principle that, for consumer protection, it is essential to work within the borders of procedural fairness and substantive justice. This judgment, therefore, reaffirms the necessity of adhering to established legal frameworks and the importance of avoiding judicial overreach in complex matters of medical negligence. The decision emphasizes that the legal process must maintain its integrity, ensuring that all parties are treated fairly within the scope of the law.

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GUARDIANS OF HERITAGE, ENGINES OF TRADE: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND INDIANS GLOBAL FOOTPRINT

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GUARDIANS OF HERITAGE, ENGINES OF TRADE: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND INDIANS GLOBAL FOOTPRINT Komal Muskan Pandita, 1st semester LLM Student at Amity Law School, Amity University, Punjab (India). Arshpreet Kour, 1st semester LLM Student at Amity Law School, Amity University, Punjab (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.160 Geographical Indications (GIs) represent one of the most vibrant crossroads of trade, intellectual property, and cultural background in international law. They basically are that form of intellectual property that protects the reputation, qualities, and distinctive character of a product linked to a specific geographical origin. For India, which boasts a wealth of agricultural products and diverse craft traditions, Geographical Indications (GIs) serve as legal tools that connect intangible cultural heritage to markets, income opportunities, and international branding efforts. This paper explores the Indian GI framework, its relationship with the TRIPS agreements, and the worldwide recognition and enforcement of Indian GIs. Through a variety of Indian case studies, including Darjeeling Tea, Basmati Rice, Banarasi Saree, Alphonso Mango, Kanchipuram Silk, Mysore Sandalwood Oil, Feni, Pochampally Ikat, Blue Pottery of Jaipur, and others, the paper assesses legal protection strategies, commercial results, enforcement difficulties, and the policy measures necessary to enhance both domestic impacts and international acknowledgment. This research integrates statutory interpretation, contextual analysis of treaties, registry data, and current case law, along with trade developments, to provide actionable suggestions for legal and policy adjustments aimed at enhancing the global competitiveness and cultural protection of Indian GIs.

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