LIJDLR

Intellectual Property Rights.

(“RETRACTED ARTICLE”) HARNESSING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR CLIMATE ACTION: PROMOTING GREEN INNOVATION THROUGH LEGAL REFORM

Volume III Issue IV /

RETRACTED ARTICLE HARNESSING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FOR CLIMATE ACTION: PROMOTING GREEN INNOVATION THROUGH LEGAL REFORM This article has been retracted and should not be cited as a research article. The DOI is retained solely for record purposes. Arya Verma, LL.M IPR, National Law University Delhi (India) doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.163 RETRACTION NOTICE Title: Harnessing Intellectual Property for Climate Action: Promoting Green Innovation through Legal ReformAuthor: Arya VermaJournal: LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research (LIJDLR)Volume/Issue: Volume 3 Issue 4 (2025)DOI: 10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.163 The Editorial Board of the LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research hereby informs readers that the above-mentioned article has been retracted. The author communicated a request for withdrawal after the completion of copyright formalities and while the manuscript was already in the publication stage. At the time the communication was received, the manuscript had already proceeded through the publication workflow and was consequently published. Subsequently, the author informed the Editorial Board that the same manuscript had already been published in another journal, which is contrary to the journal’s submission and publication policies. Upon examination of the matter and in order to uphold academic integrity and publication ethics, the Editorial Board has decided to formally retract the article from the journal’s active scholarly record. The full text of the article has been withdrawn from public access. This retraction does not affect the publication status, pagination, or DOI assignment of other articles published in the same issue. Date of Retraction: 14th December 2025.

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IP IN OUTER SPACE: CHALLENGES RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF INVENTIONS AND DATA ARISING FROM JOINT AND INTERNATIONAL SPACE MISSIONS

Volume III Issue IV /

IP IN OUTER SPACE: CHALLENGES RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF INVENTIONS AND DATA ARISING FROM JOINT AND INTERNATIONAL SPACE MISSIONS Saniya Ansar, LLM (IP) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.121 The 21st century has witnessed an explosion of state and private actors in space with enormous possibilities for discovery and innovation. While on Earth, there are substantial systems of safeguarding intellectual property (IP), most IP systems are territorial, thus their applicability in outer space is a delicate subject. On a second, the emergence of greater international cooperation on missions also increases issues of joint ownership, and the joint launch, operation and maintenance of space assets between two or more states. This paper addresses the existing content of space law and its implications as it affects the protection of inventions made in space. It examines the unresolved issues of invention and data ownership in joint ventures such as the International Space Station, the Artemis Accords framework, and other international programs. It examines instruments such as the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Liability Convention (1972), and the ISS Intergovernmental Agreement to determine their weaknesses when it comes to dealing with IP issues. The paper concludes that the existing regime is insufficient to deal with inventions made in space and suggests that existing treaties should be amended to specifically include space-made inventions.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES AND EMERGING JURISPRUDENCE

Volume III Issue III /

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES AND EMERGING JURISPRUDENCE Anandhi A, LLM(IPR), Government law college, Trichy (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.107 This article examines the evolving relationship between biotechnology and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in India, highlighting legal, ethical, and global perspectives. It traces the development of Indian patent law from the exclusion of living organisms to the recognition of biotechnological inventions, shaped significantly by cases like Dimminaco AG v. Controller of Patents and amendments aligning with the TRIPS Agreement. The study explores patent eligibility criteria under the Patents Act, 1970, with emphasis on exclusions under Section 3, and the challenges of proving novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability in biotechnology. It compares approaches in the United States, European Union, and India, analyzing judicial interpretations and ethical frameworks concerning patents on microorganisms, plants, animals, and human genetic material. While U.S. and European systems adopt broader protection, India maintains stricter exclusions influenced by cultural and moral values. The article also discusses emerging issues such as gene editing, AI-driven biotechnology, green biomanufacturing, and personalized medicine, underlining their legal and ethical implications. It concludes that while biotechnology patents are essential for innovation and societal benefit, they must coexist with ethical safeguards and balanced regulation to ensure progress without compromising human dignity, environmental sustainability, or traditional values.

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SAFEGUARDING HERITAGE: BASMATI RICE DISPUTE (INDIA V. RICETEC INC. 1997)

Volume III Issue II /

SAFEGUARDING HERITAGE: BASMATI RICE DISPUTE (INDIA V. RICETEC INC. 1997) Pavithra. K, 5th semester, BBA LLB (Hons.), School of Legal Studies, CUSAT Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.62 A legal battle over intellectual property between two countries that shook the whole global market stands as a cornerstone in the evolution of intellectual property law in India. The Basmati Rice Dispute (India v. RiceTec Inc., 1997) became an influential case that pressed for the protection of traditional knowledge and geographical indications, setting a legal precedent. India’s rich biodiversity has served as a magnet, attracting foreign countries. Since time immemorial, rice has been a staple food in most Asian countries, with India being a major exporter of Basmati rice. The US patent claim on Basmati, which infringed India’s traditional knowledge rights, disregarded the cultural, agricultural, and geographic origins of Basmati rice. RiceTec’s attempt to deceptively capture the global market for Basmati rice was strategically defeated by India. As a result, RiceTec withdrew 15 claims out of 20 claims they asserted in the patent application and the title was amended to “Rice Lines Bas867, RT 1117 and RT1121”, thereby safeguarding the distinct identity of Basmati rice. Even though RiceTec retained certain claims, it was not permitted to use the term “Basmati,” which marked India’s success in the legal battle. The major outcome of the dispute was the introduction of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, a legal reform that removed the lacunae in addressing the geographic origin of varieties. It also accelerated global awareness of biopiracy and need for the protection of traditional knowledge. This article seeks to analyse the Basmati rice dispute and its economic, cultural, and legal impact through the FILAC methodology, a structured legal analysis framework. This case holds greater global significance, as developing countries are still facing challenges in protecting their traditional knowledge and indigenous products.

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THE ECONOMICS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: BALANCING INNOVATION AND MARKET COMPETITION

Volume II Issue III /

THE ECONOMICS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: BALANCING INNOVATION AND MARKET COMPETITION Arpita Gupta, Student (Pursuing LL.M.) from Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2024.v02.10 This research paper examines the economics of intellectual property rights (IPR) in India and the challenges of balancing innovation and market competition in the country. Intellectual property rights play a crucial role in promoting innovation and promoting market competition. However, finding the right balance between these two goals is crucial for sustainable economic growth. The article begins with an overview of intellectual property rights, including copyright, patents, and trademarks, and their economic significance. It examines the historical development of intellectual property in India and its impact on innovation and competition. The legal framework and institutions governing intellectual property in India are analyzed, focusing on key intellectual property laws such as the Copyright Act, the Patent Act, and the Trademark Act. Explore the strengths and weaknesses of India’s intellectual property system to understand its effectiveness in supporting innovation and promoting fair competition in the marketplace. The purpose of the case studies was to illustrate specific issues related to intellectual property rights in India, such as the pharmaceutical and software industries, as well as issues related to traditional knowledge. An Assessment of the Economic Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Innovation and Market Competition in India Using Empirical Analysis. The paper presents policy considerations and recommendations to address India’s challenges in striking a balance between protecting intellectual property and promoting competition. Conduct an assessment of the current IP policy and identify areas for improvement in order to create an effective and balanced IP system. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of striking the right balance between intellectual property rights, innovation, and market competition in India. Achieving this balance will foster the development of a thriving innovation ecosystem while ensuring equal access to knowledge and promoting healthy competition. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume II, Issue III, Page 141-163. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Volume 1 Issue IV /

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SHUSHMITHAA K J, STUDENT AT SASTRA DEEMED UNIVERSITY, THANJAVUR. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created a tremendous impact on today’s world. From AI assisted tools to current trend of AI generated inventions, we are witnessing a fast pace in technological development. They provide ultimate benefits in everyday lives which is unavoidable while it also awakens various issues and debates among the people. This paper explores the profound impact of AI on Intellectual Property (IP) and focuses on the issues that arise as a result of this intersection. As AI technologies continue to advance rapidly, questions surrounding the protection, ownership and infringement of IP becomes increasingly complex. This paper thus aims to provide an in-depth examination of these issues, offering insights into the evolving landscape of IP in the age of AI. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue IV, Page 395-409. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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