LIJDLR

Volume III Issue IV

INSIDER TRADING AND UNPUBLISHED PRICE SENSITIVE INFORMATION IN INDIA – EXAMINING REGULATORY LOOPHOLES, EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES AND THE IMPERATIVE FOR STRONGER ENFORCEMENT

Volume III Issue IV /

INSIDER TRADING AND UNPUBLISHED PRICE SENSITIVE INFORMATION IN INDIA – EXAMINING REGULATORY LOOPHOLES, EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES AND THE IMPERATIVE FOR STRONGER ENFORCEMENT Hridyanshu Mahajan, 2nd Year B.B.A. LL.B (Hons.) Student at ILC, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, Delhi, (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.136 The Federal nature of India as envisaged in the Constitution of India, represents an interactive and harmonious liaison between the Centre and the States along the legislative, administrative and financial spheres. The workings of Indian federalism, however, have been characterized by intra-State domination, hiccups and unbalanced growth. The paper has taken a critical look at the constitutional provisions (Articles 245 to 263), institutional mechanism, and changing politics that characterize Centre State relationship. It points out structural problems like vertical fiscal imbalance, little autonomy of States, political centralization and deterioration of consultative forums like the Inter-State Council and Finances Commission. This paper finds that the evidences suggest systemic encumbrance on federal operations through an examination of the occurrence of the following policy episodes, which include; the announcement of the GST, passing of the farm laws, and failing to compensate GST.  More so, it proposes inter-State developmental inequalities, emergency measures, and politicization of the powers of the governor to be major obstacles of cooperative federalism. Based on constitutional directive, expert reports of the committee and monetary statistics, the paper offers solutions with reformist leaning such as fortification of institutional federalism, adjustment of fiscal transfers and formalized consultations between the Centre and the State. It is concluded that, in order to reap the fulfilment of a balanced, inclusive and a functioning federal India, it is important to commit again to the principles of decentralisation, democratic federalism and mutual respect between the States and the Union.

INSIDER TRADING AND UNPUBLISHED PRICE SENSITIVE INFORMATION IN INDIA – EXAMINING REGULATORY LOOPHOLES, EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES AND THE IMPERATIVE FOR STRONGER ENFORCEMENT Read More »

RETHINKING FEDERALISM: ADDRESSING ASYMMETRIES IN CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS IN INDIA

Volume III Issue IV /

RETHINKING FEDERALISM: ADDRESSING ASYMMETRIES IN CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS IN INDIA Komal Shetty, Semester 9 BA LLB, Swami Vivekanand College of Law (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.135 The Federal nature of India as envisaged in the Constitution of India, represents an interactive and harmonious liaison between the Centre and the States along the legislative, administrative and financial spheres. The workings of Indian federalism, however, have been characterized by intra-State domination, hiccups and unbalanced growth. The paper has taken a critical look at the constitutional provisions (Articles 245 to 263), institutional mechanism, and changing politics that characterize Centre State relationship. It points out structural problems like vertical fiscal imbalance, little autonomy of States, political centralization and deterioration of consultative forums like the Inter-State Council and Finances Commission. This paper finds that the evidences suggest systemic encumbrance on federal operations through an examination of the occurrence of the following policy episodes, which include; the announcement of the GST, passing of the farm laws, and failing to compensate GST.  More so, it proposes inter-State developmental inequalities, emergency measures, and politicization of the powers of the governor to be major obstacles of cooperative federalism. Based on constitutional directive, expert reports of the committee and monetary statistics, the paper offers solutions with reformist leaning such as fortification of institutional federalism, adjustment of fiscal transfers and formalized consultations between the Centre and the State. It is concluded that, in order to reap the fulfilment of a balanced, inclusive and a functioning federal India, it is important to commit again to the principles of decentralisation, democratic federalism and mutual respect between the States and the Union.

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RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STATELESS CHILDREN IN GLOBALIZE ERA

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RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STATELESS CHILDREN IN GLOBALIZE ERA Anita Barman, Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor of law, Uttarayan College of Law, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, West Bengal (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.134 Children are disproportionately affected by statelessness, a serious human rights issue that denies them a legal identity, access to essential services, and the chance to live a life of dignity. In India, the issue of stateless children stems from intricate historical, political, and legal elements, such as partition, migration, and deficiencies in nationality legislation. Despite constitutional rights and international duties under agreements like the UNCRC, children born in former enclaves, border regions, or to refugee and migrant families are frequently left without citizenship. This piece examines the reasons, effects, and difficulties of statelessness in children within India.  It analyzes the function of judicial interventions, focuses on the administrative and legal obstacles that keep children from obtaining nationality, and evaluates the effects of new laws like as the NRC. The study also examines the economic and social ramifications of statelessness, including social protection, healthcare, and educational marginalization. This research conducts a comparative analysis regarding the status Stateless Children in India with other countries to know the actual scenario in the South Asian region. The research ends with suggestions for extensive legal changes, enhanced enforcement of birth registration, and compliance with global standards to guarantee each child’s right to nationality. In order to create an inclusive society and protect the fundamental rights of all Indian children, statelessness must be addressed.

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THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION AND LAW

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THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION AND LAW Wasim Ul Haq, B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) Graduate, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.133 Social media has become a defining element of the 21st century, transforming how individuals express opinions, mobilize communities, and engage with the law. Digital platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and Instagram have evolved into virtual forums that influence public perception, social behavior, and even judicial decision-making. This paper examines how social media functions as a double-edged tool—serving as both a democratic space for awareness and a breeding ground for misinformation. It explores the interrelationship between law and online expression in India, analyzing landmark cases such as Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) and Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020). The study highlights how public opinion generated through social media has influenced judicial trends, legislative amendments, and activism. It further discusses the challenges of regulating digital spaces while preserving the constitutional right to free speech. Ultimately, this paper argues that a balanced approach between freedom and accountability is essential to ensure that social media remains a tool of empowerment rather than manipulation.

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TEMPLES AND TAXES: FISCAL SUPPORT FOR RELIGION UNDER THE CHOLA DYNASTY, VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND JAGANNATH TEMPLE

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TEMPLES AND TAXES: FISCAL SUPPORT FOR RELIGION UNDER THE CHOLA DYNASTY, VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE AND JAGANNATH TEMPLE Dhanavel B, Final Year Student of LL.M. (Taxation Laws) in Government Law College, Coimbatore, Affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Tamil Nadu (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.132 Imposing Tax is the sovereign power of the state. It can impose tax and use it for the general purpose of the people. Welfare states use tax revenue for the general welfare purposes, irrespective of giving weightage to any particular religion. By referring to the history of India, some Indian kingdoms used tax revenue for the development of the Hindu temples. They used some special taxes for that purpose. This is called “Religious Taxes”.  Sometimes, ruling kings levied this kind of tax for the development of religion, and sometimes, temple administration got the power to impose taxes and used it for its development. Some kingdoms used their general tax revenue towards religion. Those taxes served the intended objectives. Chola Dynasty, Vijayanagara Empire and Jagannath Temple are some examples for such practices.  But in the present day, sovereign states have transformed into secular sovereign states. So, there is no such imposition of religious taxes now. Some temple administrations still impose fees and other levies for their development, but no sovereign imposition of religious taxes now.

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, MAINTENANCE, AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS: A CROSS-PERSONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE IN INDIA

Volume III Issue IV /

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, MAINTENANCE, AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS: A CROSS-PERSONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE IN INDIA Ms. Palak Jha, 3rd Semester, Student at IILM University, Greater Noida (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.131 Domestic violence and women’s right to maintenance constitute two deeply interlinked dimensions of gender justice in India. Despite substantial legal reforms and constitutional guarantees, Indian women continue to face systemic inequalities rooted in the coexistence of personal laws that differ across religious lines. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 represents a secular legislative attempt to address intimate partner violence and ensure protection, residence, and maintenance rights. However, this uniform civil protection contrasts sharply with the diverse personal laws that regulate marriage, divorce, and post-marital support within distinct religious communities, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Parsis. This research paper examines the structural, constitutional, and judicial complexities that arise from this pluralistic legal framework. It examines how personal laws intersect with constitutional principles of equality, dignity, and non-discrimination, and the extent to which Indian courts have harmonized religious autonomy with gender justice. Through doctrinal and analytical methodologies, the study reviews statutory provisions, landmark judgments, and scholarly literature to evaluate whether the Indian legal system has achieved substantive justice for women or continues to entrench religious and gender hierarchies. The paper argues that while progressive judicial interpretations, particularly in Mohd. Ahmed Khan v Shah Bano Begum, Danial Latifi v Union of India, and Indra Sarma v V K V Sarma have advanced the cause of women’s rights within a constitutional framework; however, the absence of uniformity across personal laws continues to limit the effectiveness of these protections. The study concludes that only through harmonization of personal laws within the constitutional fabric can India fulfil its commitment to gender equality and human dignity.

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TRADEMARK SEARCH AI AND THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR

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TRADEMARK SEARCH AI AND THE ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR Trapti kashyap, LLM Student at Lovely professional university (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.130 Property Rights, particularly in trademark search and protection. As businesses increasingly develop and expand brands across borders, the demand for efficient, accurate, and comprehensive trademark search mechanisms has grown. Traditional manual search systems, which were heavily dependent on human judgment, often resulted in inconsistent outcomes, delays, and errors. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed this process through automation, predictive analytics, and image-recognition capabilities, which together improve accuracy, speed, and global reach. Modern AI-based trademark search tools use natural language processing, machine learning, and visual similarity detection to identify potential conflicts with existing trademarks. These tools assess linguistic, phonetic, graphical, and contextual factors to evaluate the likelihood of confusion between marks. This technological advancement has improved the efficiency of intellectual property offices worldwide and has enabled brand owners to make better filing decisions. Applications such as TrademarkNow, Corsearch, and Clarivate use deep learning to produce search reports almost instantly, replacing a traditional process that typically required several days. AI also supports private sector entities, including law firms, multinational corporations, and start-ups, by assisting with due diligence and risk assessments before filing or enforcing trademark rights. Private legal-tech companies have played an important role by creating proprietary AI systems that allow users to search across multiple jurisdictions on a single platform. Their collaborations with organizations such as the World Intellectual Property Organization and various national trademark offices have further promoted transparency, interoperability, and wider access to trademark data.

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INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS AND THE GREEN AGENDA: ALIGNING PHILIPPINE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE WITH GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS

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INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS AND THE GREEN AGENDA: ALIGNING PHILIPPINE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE WITH GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS Darren J. Gonzales, Associate Professor, John Wesley School of Law and Governance Wesleyan University-Philippines Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.129 Corporate governance is undergoing a profound transformation as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles redefine how corporations are expected to operate within global markets. Traditional notions of governance, once centered primarily on shareholder value and profit maximization, are now being reimagined to include broader responsibilities toward society and the environment. This global shift recognizes that sustainable business practices are no longer optional moral aspirations but essential conditions for long-term corporate viability. The Philippines, while progressive in enacting the Revised Corporation Code of 2019 and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Code of Corporate Governance, continues to emphasize financial performance and shareholder protection over sustainability and stakeholder accountability. Although these frameworks mandate transparency, ethical conduct, and board independence, they remain largely silent on the environmental dimension of corporate responsibility. Independent directors appointed to safeguard fairness, integrity, and objectivity in board decision represent an untapped opportunity to advance the corporate “green agenda” by ensuring that environmental considerations form part of strategic governance. This research explores how independent directors can serve as catalysts for aligning Philippine corporate governance practices with global environmental goals. It employs doctrinal and comparative legal analysis to examine whether the fiduciary duties of independent directors under Philippine law can be interpreted to include environmental stewardship. By comparing the Philippine framework with international models such as the UK Corporate Governance Code, the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and ASEAN sustainability frameworks, the study identifies best practices that could inform legal and policy reform. Ultimately, the research argues that empowering independent directors with an explicit sustainability mandate would strengthen corporate accountability, enhance investor confidence, and contribute to the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). In doing so, it reimagines corporate governance not merely as a tool for market regulation but as an essential instrument for environmental protection and national development.

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CYBER DUE DILIGENCE IN MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS: THE OVERLOOKED RISK

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CYBER DUE DILIGENCE IN MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS: THE OVERLOOKED RISK Apoorva, LLM Student at Geeta Institute of Law (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.128 The research paper titled “Cyber Due Diligence in Mergers & Acquisitions: The Overlooked Risk” critically examines the growing significance of cybersecurity and data protection in corporate transactions. It highlights that in the digital era, data assets have become vital determinants of corporate value, yet cyber due diligence remains an underexplored area in mergers and acquisitions. The study analyzes how the absence of structured cybersecurity assessments exposes acquirers to legal, financial, and reputational liabilities. It explores India’s existing legal framework under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, revealing substantial regulatory gaps compared to international models like the EU’s GDPR and the U.S. SEC’s disclosure-based approach. The paper argues that integrating cyber due diligence into the M&A process is crucial for risk mitigation, corporate governance, and investor confidence. It further recommends legal reforms, contractual safeguards, and regulatory enforcement mechanisms to make cybersecurity assessment a statutory obligation. By drawing on global jurisprudence and Indian corporate practices, the research provides a comprehensive blueprint for embedding cyber risk governance within India’s M&A landscape, ensuring compliance, value preservation, and sustainable digital business integration.

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CORPORATE COMPLIANCE IN THE ERA OF DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERSECURITY LAWS

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CORPORATE COMPLIANCE IN THE ERA OF DATA PROTECTION AND CYBERSECURITY LAWS Rajat Sharma, LLM Student at Geeta Institute of Law (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.127 The digital transformation of corporate ecosystems has fundamentally reshaped compliance obligations, particularly in the domains of data protection and cybersecurity. This research paper titled “Corporate Compliance in the Era of Data Protection and Cybersecurity Laws” examines the evolving legal landscape governing corporate accountability in India under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the Information Technology Act, 2000, and related regulatory frameworks. It explores how corporate governance, ethical responsibility, and fiduciary obligations intersect with data protection mandates, requiring businesses to adopt privacy-by-design and risk-based compliance systems. The study further analyses international frameworks such as the EU’s GDPR, UK Data Protection Act, 2018, and US sectoral models, comparing their influence on India’s compliance regime. Emphasis is placed on corporate liability, enforcement mechanisms, cybersecurity risk management, and cross-border data transfer obligations. The paper concludes that an integrated governance model-rooted in ethics, transparency, and accountability-is vital for sustaining trust and resilience in the digital economy. The research adopts a doctrinal methodology, using statutory interpretation, judicial precedents, and comparative legal analysis to propose reforms that strengthen compliance culture and align Indian corporate regulation with global data protection standards.

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