LIJDLR

Volume IV Issue I

CYBERBULLYING AMONG TEENAGERS: LEGAL REMEDIES AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES

Volume IV Issue I /

CYBERBULLYING AMONG TEENAGERS: LEGAL REMEDIES AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES Vaishnavi Saxena, B. Com LL. B, 10th Semester, Student at Amity Law School, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.118 The rapid spread of the Internet and digital technologies has spawned the ubiquitous phenomenon of cyberbullying, and teens make up a highly susceptible group of people. Teenagers as heavy users of social networking sites, instant messaging users, and online gaming platforms are increasingly exposed to online interactions that have the potential of perpetrating harassment, threats and abuse. Considering the fact that cyberbullying does not adhere to the traditional patterns of bullying, it operates across space and timelines, allowing sustained victimization, and, frequently, without responsibility or anonymity. The paper is a critical analysis of the concept of cyberbullying among teenagers, its nature, core reasons and various forms. It also addresses substantial effects of the social, psychological, and educational impacts suffered by the victims such as emotional distress, poor academic achievement, and social isolation. The paper also assesses the sufficiency of the current legal system in India, the Information Technology Act, 2000, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (formerly IPC), and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, to address the issue of cyberbullying harms. It examines how judiciary, the law enforcement agencies, the schools, parents, and the intermediaries involved in social media can and should prevent and deal with such behavior. The paper has taken a doctrinal and analytical approach as it points out and existing legal responses, which are overly dependent on traditional penal provisions that are not well-equipped to deal with the technological challenges of cyberbullying. Even though cyberbullying is becoming recognized as a socio-legal problem, a number of gaps in literature have yet to be filled out, specifically in constitutional discourse, child-identity-driven models, and statistical evidence, and should be tackled in one large comprehension of rights.

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NUMBERS WITHOUT POWER: EVALUATING WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND AS KEY MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL IN INDIAN CORPORATIONS AGAINST GLOBAL BENCHMARKS, AND THE CASE FOR STRATEGIES BEYOND LEGAL MANDATES

Volume IV Issue I /

NUMBERS WITHOUT POWER: EVALUATING WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND AS KEY MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL IN INDIAN CORPORATIONS AGAINST GLOBAL BENCHMARKS, AND THE CASE FOR STRATEGIES BEYOND LEGAL MANDATES Adv. Arundhati Thakur, LL.M Scholar (Corporate Law), 2nd Semester, Student at IILM University, Greater Noida (India) Ms. Garima Mohan Prasad, Assistant Professor, IILM University, Greater Noida (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.117 The Companies Act, 2013 introduced a statutory requirement for listed companies in India to appoint at least one woman to their boards, resulting in a decade of formal compliance. This paper examines whether such compliance has led to genuine gender equity in corporate leadership or has remained largely symbolic in nature. At the core of the analysis is what the paper describes as a “compliance–power gap,” reflected in the disparity between women’s presence on corporate boards and their comparatively lower representation in key managerial roles where real decision-making authority is concentrated. It argues that while regulatory measures have succeeded in improving numerical representation, they have not adequately addressed women’s access to positions of substantive executive power. The study adopts a doctrinal and comparative methodology. It analyses the Companies Act, the SEBI (LODR) Regulations, and the BRSR framework, and situates these within the broader context of verified secondary data drawn from institutional and industry reports. The research does not rely on primary data but instead synthesizes existing sources to assess the effectiveness of the current framework. The findings suggest that increased representation at the board level has not been translated into meaningful inclusion within top management. Moreover, India’s progress remains limited when viewed against global benchmarks. The available evidence further indicates that board-level diversity, in isolation, is insufficient to influence governance outcomes without parallel representation at the executive level. The paper concludes that the present regulatory approach is narrow in scope. It calls for a shift in focus from formal board representation to substantive executive inclusion, emphasizing that meaningful progress depends on extending policy attention to positions where corporate authority and decision-making power are actually exercised.

NUMBERS WITHOUT POWER: EVALUATING WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND AS KEY MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL IN INDIAN CORPORATIONS AGAINST GLOBAL BENCHMARKS, AND THE CASE FOR STRATEGIES BEYOND LEGAL MANDATES Read More »

SABR, JUSTICE, AND DIVORCE: RETHINKING TALAQ AND MARITAL TOLERANCE IN MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA

Volume IV Issue I /

SABR, JUSTICE, AND DIVORCE: RETHINKING TALAQ AND MARITAL TOLERANCE IN MUSLIM LAW IN INDIA Atiya Waris, Research Scholar, Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi (India) Prof. (Dr.) Nuzhat Parveen Khan, Professor and former Dean, Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.116 The Islamic law of marriage is a civil contract that is based on mutual-consent, mutual-rights, and moral restraint. Although divorce (talaq) is legally allowed in this context, it is not generally encouraged and is controlled by the Quranic injunctions of emphasizing patience (ṣabr), reconciliation, and justice. However, nowadays in modern India, Muslim divorce laws and practices have been under severe constitutional and societal examination especially after the nullification and denaturation of instant talaq. Such developments have brought back the issue of marital tolerance, gender justice, and the validity of endurance among Muslim marriages. The critical issue in this paper is to determine whether the growing exposure of Muslim couples to divorce implies the lack of tolerance or it is actually the redefinition of the standards of marriage due to the Islamic morals, socio-legal revolution, and constitutional control. The study is based on a doctrinal/socio-legal approach using the principles of Quran, classical Islamic law, Indian personal law, constitutional adjudication and empirical indicators to the Muslim marital practices in India. The paper contends that the concept of tolerance in Islamic marriage was never unconditional.

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CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016 A FRAMEWORK IN PRACTICE OR A VACUUM IN DISGUISE? LESSONS FROM JET AIRWAYS

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CROSS-BORDER INSOLVENCY UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016 A FRAMEWORK IN PRACTICE OR A VACUUM IN DISGUISE? LESSONS FROM JET AIRWAYS Anannya Deepak, B.A LLB (H), 10TH Semester, Student (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.115 In an increasingly globalised economy, corporate entities operate across multiple jurisdictions, rendering traditional territorial approaches to insolvency inadequate. This paper critically examines the cross-border insolvency framework—or the lack thereof—under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (“Code” or “IBC”), with particular reference to Sections 234 and 235, which remain the sole statutory provisions addressing transnational insolvency coordination in India. Through a detailed analysis of Jet Airways (India) Ltd. v. State Bank of India, this paper demonstrates how Indian courts have attempted to bridge legislative gaps through judicial innovation, facilitating cross-border coordination in the absence of a comprehensive statutory mechanism. The case serves as both a proof of concept for informal cooperation and a cautionary illustration of the fragility inherent in ad hoc arrangements. The paper further situates India’s position within the broader international framework by examining the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, highlighting the divergence between India’s current approach and established global best practices. Drawing on comparative analysis, supporting jurisprudence, and the recommendations of the Insolvency Law Committee, it argues that India must transition from judicial improvisation to statutory certainty.

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EVALUATING CONTEMPORARY INDIAN LEGAL PEDAGOGY IN DIGITAL WORLD

Volume IV Issue I /

EVALUATING CONTEMPORARY INDIAN LEGAL PEDAGOGY IN DIGITAL WORLD Dr Sunaina, Assistant Professor of Law, Panjab University SSG Regional Centre, Hoshiarpur (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.114 Laws keep changing, technology is changing rapidly and scientific developments are taking place. In a country like India that is dedicated to the democratic setup, the rule of law and the ideal of welfare state, the role of legal profession and legal education are very vital. The true aim of legal education must be to bridge the gap between academic and vocation. Legal education in the present context of the country must not only cater to legal profession but also employment. According to Shri G. S. Pathak, former Vice-President of India, “legal education is an investment which, if wisely made, will produce most beneficial results for the nation and accelerate the pace of national development.” The Bar Council of India has from time-to-time proposed measures for reforms in legal education. It categorized reforms to be taken place at certain levels primarily institutional reforms, reforms in content and structure and measures to improve pedagogy and methods of teaching. The present study is an attempt to analyse the contemporary reforms introduced by the Bar Council of India in legal education and their applicability in the current scenario of digital world. It examines the regulatory framework, institutional developments, technological integration, emerging challenges, and future prospects of digital legal education.

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CAPITAL AS A GATEWAY: THIRD-PARTY FUNDING IN COMMERCIAL DISPUTES AND ACCESS TO COMMERCIAL JUSTICE

Volume IV Issue I /

CAPITAL AS A GATEWAY: THIRD-PARTY FUNDING IN COMMERCIAL DISPUTES AND ACCESS TO COMMERCIAL JUSTICE Vidhi Saxena, B.A. LL. B (Hons), 10th Semester, Student at Amity Law School, Noida (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.113 Access to justice is the utmost important key concept and a prerequisite for the effective functioning if any legal system. Although arbitration is considered to be one of the cost-effective mechanisms, but there are several instances where the parties are not able to fund their own cases or the arbitration ends up in a heavy consolidated fee or charges. In such a situation external fund financers step into their matters and finances the cost of litigation or arbitration and in return get the share from the proceeds of the case, if succeeded. This emerging mechanism is known as Third-Party funding where someone externally helps the parties to the dispute and in return gets the respective share of the proceeds of claim. One point which is quite reflected in third party funding is that funding externally seems profitable, but it has to be strictly kept in mind that the investors will get profits only if the party succeeds. They will not recover their investment if that party loses the case, reflecting the non-recourse nature of such arrangements. In many jurisdictions TPF has laid down its ways as like as that of United Kingdom, Singapore, Australia, United states but in India, the concept is still evolving.  Till now we don’t have any statutory provisions which can regulate the procedure of TPF, but judicial pronouncements and certain procedural provisions suggests that TPF is not prohibited in the Indian legal system. Supreme Court has observed that third parties may finance litigation; however, advocates are not permitted to act as third-party funders due to professional conduct restrictions under the Bar Council of India Rules. Despite these all approvals and applications, it is in some cases considered as an unethical practice with an ill motive of the investor which results into the potential abuse of the legal system and conflict of interests.

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STRUCTURED SENTENCING VS. JUDICIAL DISCRETION: GLOBAL TRENDS AND INDIAN PRACTICE

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STRUCTURED SENTENCING VS. JUDICIAL DISCRETION: GLOBAL TRENDS AND INDIAN PRACTICE Sarthaka Kumar Rath, Research Scholar, Student at School of Law KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.112 Sentencing constitutes one of the most critical stages of criminal justice administration, reflecting the balance between legal certainty and individualized justice. Across jurisdictions, criminal justice systems struggle to reconcile structured sentencing frameworks, designed to ensure consistency and proportionality, with judicial discretion, which allows courts to tailor punishment according to the circumstances of each case. This article undertakes a comparative examination of global sentencing models, analyzing structured sentencing systems developed in jurisdictions such as the United States and the United Kingdom, where sentencing guidelines and commissions seek to reduce disparity and enhance transparency. In contrast, the Indian sentencing framework remains largely discretion-driven, with limited statutory guidance under the BNS and BNSS. Judicial pronouncements, particularly through doctrines evolved by the Supreme Court of India, have attempted to introduce principles such as proportionality, individualized sentencing, and the “rarest of rare” standard in capital punishment cases. However, absence of formal sentencing guidelines has resulted in concerns regarding inconsistency, unpredictability, and potential arbitrariness. The study evaluates international best practices, including sentencing grids, advisory guidelines, and sentencing councils, to assess their relevance for India. It argues that an optimal sentencing model lies not in eliminating judicial discretion but in structuring it through principled frameworks that promote uniformity while preserving judicial independence. The article concludes by proposing the establishment of a national sentencing commission in India, capable of harmonizing sentencing practices with constitutional values, human rights standards, and contemporary criminological insights.

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PUNISHING THE VULNERABLE: WHY INDIA’S DRUG LAWS FAIL VICTIMS OF ADDICTION

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PUNISHING THE VULNERABLE: WHY INDIA’S DRUG LAWS FAIL VICTIMS OF ADDICTION Gauri Arun Bhalerao, LL.M. (Criminal Law), Student at Maharashtra National Law University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (India) Jyoti, LL.M. (CPGLS), Student at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (BBAU), Lucknow (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.111 Drug addiction in India continues to be treated primarily as a criminal issue rather than a public health concern. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act) adopts a stringent and punishment-oriented approach, raising serious concerns regarding its fairness and effectiveness. Many individuals who consume drugs are not hardened criminals but persons struggling with psychological, social, and economic vulnerabilities. Despite this, the legal framework largely treats them as offenders rather than recognising them as victims in need of care and rehabilitation. This paper critically examines how the existing legal framework fails to protect such vulnerable individuals. It argues that strict bail conditions, fear of arrest, and social stigma do not reduce drug dependency but instead deepen marginalisation and hinder recovery. Although the law contains limited provisions for rehabilitation, their weak implementation renders them largely ineffective in practice. Adopting a victim-centred perspective, this study highlights the structural contradictions within the NDPS framework and argues for a shift towards a more balanced model that integrates legal control with public health measures. Drawing briefly on international practices, the paper demonstrates that treatment-oriented approaches produce more effective outcomes than punitive systems. The paper concludes that unless India transitions from a punishment-driven model to a rehabilitation-focused approach, the legal system will continue to harm those it is intended to protect.

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TRIAL BY MEDIA IN INDIA: BALANCING FREE SPEECH AND THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL IN THE DIGITAL AGE

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TRIAL BY MEDIA IN INDIA: BALANCING FREE SPEECH AND THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL IN THE DIGITAL AGE Anagha Suresh Manian, B.A. LLB, 4th Semester, Student at Asian Law College, Noida (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.110 The Indian legal system faces a serious problem because the media trial process has developed into a major challenge which the country needs to address through its fast-moving digital and broadcast media technologies. The media and entertainment industry shows growth through its digital platforms which enable immediate and widespread distribution of information about active legal proceedings. The paper seeks to explore how trial by media works in India in its evolution until now and its influence on the judicial process and fair trial, which is protected under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. This study adopts a doctrinal research methodology based on secondary sources to examine the interaction between the right to freedom of speech under Article 19(1)(a) and the right to a fair trial. By analyzing media trials via the assessment of significant court cases, the researcher sees that there are both positive and negative impacts of media trials. Media trials enable the population to get information about the actions of the government while the judicial process and presumption of innocence become threatened due to sensationalism. The study also examines the emergence of “virtual trials” on social media platforms and the resulting expansion of trial by media. It ends with a set of proposed changes which will create a balance between media rights and judicial independence while showing the need for ethical reporting practices and stronger media rules and more public understanding to protect the integrity of judicial proceedings.

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DYING DECLARATION: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Volume IV Issue I /

DYING DECLARATION: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE Ankit Kumar Yadav, 2nd Semester student pursuing LL.M (one year) at Central university of south Bihar (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.109 Dying declarations have a distinct and crucial place in criminal law, playing as an exception to hearsay evidence. it provides vital insights into the cause and circumstances behind a person’s death, often it is becoming key evidence in cases where the victim is unavailable or can’t be called to testify. It is based on the principle that a person facing imminent death is unlikely to lie. dying declaration are recognized across worldwide., in India it is codified under the Section 26(a) Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam,2023 dying declaration carry significant weight and importance, that make it more admissible and reliable. Issues related to dying declaration are such as the declarant’s mental and physical condition, the potential for coercion, inconsistencies in statements, and the absence of cross-examination posing unique hurdles for the judicial system. This study examines and deals with the legal framework, evidentiary value, procedural requirements, and comparative perspectives of dying declarations, focusing and highlighting both their strengths and the precautions necessary to maintain fairness and justice in criminal trials.

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