LIJDLR

Volume IV Issue I

STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT: APPLYING CHINA’S 2025 ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING REFORMS TO PAKISTAN’S FINTECH REGULATION

Volume IV Issue I /

STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT: APPLYING CHINA’S 2025 ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING REFORMS TO PAKISTAN’S FINTECH REGULATION Wafee Salam Ahmad, LL.M. Candidate in International Commercial Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law (SWUPL) Chongqing, China, Advocate, Punjab Bar Council, Pakistan Nasser Abdrabou Peter, LL.M. Candidate in International Commercial Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law (SWUPL), Chongqing, China Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.62 Money laundering remains a significant threat to global financial systems, national security, and economic stability. With the rapid development of financial technology (fintech), existing anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks face growing limitations. China’s 2025 Anti-Money Laundering Law introduces substantial regulatory innovations by formally integrating fintech platforms and virtual asset service providers (VASPs) into the AML compliance regime, strengthening supervisory powers, and enhancing transparency through mechanisms such as beneficial ownership identification and technology-driven monitoring. This paper examines how these reforms enhance oversight and enforcement within China’s fintech ecosystem and evaluates their relevance for Pakistan’s evolving digital financial sector. Using a doctrinal legal method and analysis of FATF standards and comparative regulatory practices, the study finds that China’s approach particularly the inclusion of fintech entities within AML obligations, strengthened inter-agency coordination, and the adoption of RegTech tools significantly improves compliance monitoring and regulatory effectiveness. The paper argues that elements of these reforms, especially clearer legal recognition of fintech actors, improved institutional coordination, and technology-assisted supervision, offer practical policy guidance for Pakistan. However, successful implementation requires context-specific adaptation and strengthened institutional capacity within Pakistan’s regulatory framework.

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MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT UNDER THE LENS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES AND THE NEED OF REGULATORY REFORMS

Volume IV Issue I /

MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT UNDER THE LENS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES AND THE NEED OF REGULATORY REFORMS Ananya Yadav, LLM Student (Intellectual Property) Student at Christ Deemed to be University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.61 Intellectual Property Rights serve as the backbone of the media and entertainment sector, protecting creative works and rewarding innovation. In the digital age characterized by rapid technological change, globalization, and an explosion of online content the effective enforcement and evolution of IPR have become increasingly complex yet essential. This article examines the role of intellectual property law in safeguarding creative works such as films, music, literature, digital media, television programs, animation, and broadcast material from unauthorized use. It further analyzes emerging legal challenges including copyright piracy, digital streaming infringements, deepfake technology, artificial intelligence-generated content, and user-generated media within contemporary regulatory frameworks. It also discusses legal uncertainty, jurisdictional boundaries, and enforcement problems in various markets. It also addresses the relative efficacy of existing regulatory schemes and complexities fueled by the borderless nature of the internet, which renders national law inadequate in dealing with cross-judicial infringements and require reform, highlighting the need for harmonized global policy, digital rights management and evolving legal interpretations to strike a balance between the interests of creators, consumers and intermediaries. And particularly the evolution of user-generated content and remix-culture pose new challenges to originality, authorship and fair use. The paper concludes by proposing strategic reforms, including strengthened cross-border cooperation, simplified copyright licensing mechanisms, enhanced digital rights education, and the modernization of outdated laws to address evolving technological realities. There should be a balanced, adaptable, and vision-oriented IPR regime to support creativity, safeguard rights, and promote balanced growth in the world media and entertainment sector.

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COMMUNITY SERVICE AS A PUNISHMENT UNDER THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023: A STEP TOWARD REFORMATIVE SENTENCING IN INDIA

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COMMUNITY SERVICE AS A PUNISHMENT UNDER THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023: A STEP TOWARD REFORMATIVE SENTENCING IN INDIA Muskan Singh, Sem 6th Student (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.60 The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 introduces community service as a formal sentencing option in Indian criminal law, marking a cautious but meaningful transition from a predominantly incarceration-oriented system toward a more reformative and restorative framework. Traditionally, the Indian penal structure has relied heavily on imprisonment and monetary penalties, particularly in cases involving minor offences. This overdependence has contributed to persistent prison overcrowding, stigmatization of low-risk offenders, and limited opportunities for constructive behavioural reform. The statutory incorporation of community service seeks to address these structural concerns by providing courts with a proportionate, flexible, and socially productive alternative. This paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology to examine the conceptual basis, statutory positioning, objectives, advantages, and practical challenges associated with the use of community service under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. It situates the reform within established penological theories and evaluates its consistency with global trends in non-custodial sentencing. The study argues that community service reflects the principles of proportionality, rehabilitation, and restorative justice, thereby aligning Indian criminal policy with contemporary developments in sentencing philosophy. At the same time, the paper identifies significant implementation concerns, including the absence of detailed operational guidelines, uneven probation infrastructure across states, potential sentencing inconsistencies, and issues relating to public perception and enforcement. The paper concludes that while the legislative recognition of community service is both timely and progressive, its long-term effectiveness will depend substantially on institutional preparedness, judicial sensitivity, technological monitoring mechanisms, and coordinated involvement of local authorities and community bodies. If implemented with clarity and seriousness, the provision has the potential to reduce unnecessary incarceration, humanize sentencing practices, and facilitate constructive offender reintegration. However, without sustained administrative support, comprehensive rule-making, and clear procedural frameworks, the reform risks remaining underutilized. The study therefore argues that the true success of community service in India will depend less on its statutory recognition and more on the seriousness of its institutional implementation.

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THE E-RUPEE: A ROADMAP FOR INDIA’S DIGITAL CURRENCY

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THE E-RUPEE: A ROADMAP FOR INDIA’S DIGITAL CURRENCY Asif Pasha A B, Student, LL.M., School of Law, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.59 The introduction of the e-Rupee, India’s proposed Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), represents a significant milestone in the evolution of sovereign digital money. As economies across the world increasingly move toward digital financial systems, CBDCs have emerged as a state-backed alternative to private cryptocurrencies and existing electronic payment mechanisms. This paper examines the legal, constitutional, and regulatory implications surrounding the implementation of the e-Rupee within India’s existing financial and legal framework. The study adopts a doctrinal and comparative research methodology. It analyses statutory provisions governing currency issuance, payment systems, and data protection in India while also evaluating international CBDC experiences, particularly those of the Bahamas (Sand Dollar), Nigeria (eNaira), and China (e-CNY). Through this analysis, the paper identifies key legal challenges associated with the e-Rupee, including the absence of explicit statutory recognition under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, questions relating to legal tender status, privacy concerns arising from transaction traceability, and potential regulatory gaps in payment system governance. The research further evaluates India’s digital infrastructure readiness, considering the role of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), the Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) ecosystem, and the challenges of cybersecurity and digital inclusion. Lessons drawn from global CBDC implementations highlight the importance of strong privacy safeguards, offline payment functionality, public adoption strategies, and regulatory clarity. The paper ultimately argues that the successful implementation of the e-Rupee requires targeted legislative reforms, robust data protection safeguards, and a carefully designed regulatory framework that balances technological innovation with constitutional protections. By addressing these legal and infrastructural considerations, India can develop a CBDC system that promotes financial inclusion, strengthens monetary sovereignty, and maintains public trust in the evolving digital economy.

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THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA

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THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA Pragati Kumari, LL.B./3rd Year/6th Semester Student at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Astha Srivastava, Assistant Professor at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.58 The juvenile justice system in India now rests on a unified child rights framework that treats all persons below eighteen as children and distinguishes carefully between children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, aligned with UNCRC standards, embeds principles of best interests, rehabilitation, diversion and institutionalisation as a measure of last resort, while the new criminal codes on substantive offences, procedure and evidence operate around this special regime. The study examines the evolution of this framework, the key substantive and procedural provisions on classification of children, age determination, bail and preliminary assessment, and the functioning of core institutions such as Juvenile Justice Boards, Child Welfare Committees, District Child Protection Units and Child Care Institutions. It analyses leading Supreme Court and High Court decisions that develop a rights-based, child-centric jurisprudence and interrogates continuing implementation deficits, including uneven institutional capacity, weak diversion mechanisms and gaps in aftercare. On this basis the research offers doctrinal and policy suggestions aimed at strengthening rehabilitation oriented responses, improving coordination across stakeholders and ensuring closer conformity with constitutional mandates and international child rights obligations.

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BEYOND THE FINAL FRONTIER: NAVIGATING THE LEGAL COSMOS OF OUTER SPACE REGULATION

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BEYOND THE FINAL FRONTIER: NAVIGATING THE LEGAL COSMOS OF OUTER SPACE REGULATION Ria Singh, 10th Semester Student at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh, Associate Professor at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.57 This research examines how the existing international space law regime responds to the rapid expansion of commercial, strategic and dual use activities in outer space. It analyses the constitutional role of the United Nations space treaties, especially the Outer Space Treaty, and shows how soft law, UN practice and domestic legislation now carry much of the regulatory burden in areas like resource utilisation, space security and sustainability. The paper evaluates the international liability and registration framework, highlighting its limits when confronted with mega constellations, complex contractual chains and debris intensive operations. It then interrogates debates on space mining, the interpretation of non appropriation and claims that outer space forms part of the global commons. Special attention is given to security and militarisation trends, including anti satellite testing and behaviour based security norms. Against this backdrop, the study critically maps India’s evolving policy architecture, centred on the Indian Space Policy 2023, and identifies the requirements for a coherent national space activities statute. The research argues that a balanced future framework must integrate clarified treaty interpretation, stronger global norms on sustainability and security, and detailed domestic regulation that can safeguard both national interests and the collective interests of humankind.

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DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY, CYBERSTALKING, AND ONLINE HARASSMENT- A GENDERED ANALYSIS OF CYBERCRIME AND VICTIM PROTECTION MECHANISMS IN INDIA

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DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY, CYBERSTALKING, AND ONLINE HARASSMENT- A GENDERED ANALYSIS OF CYBERCRIME AND VICTIM PROTECTION MECHANISMS IN INDIA Aditi Singh Bhadauria, LLB 3rd year (6th semester) Student at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Dr. Rajeev Kumar Singh, Assistant Professor of Law (Sr. Grade), Amity Law School Lucknow (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.56 This paper examines how artificial intelligence enabled deepfakes, cyberstalking, and online harassment operate as gendered cybercrimes in India and how existing victim protection mechanisms perform in practice. It maps the production and circulation pathways of synthetic audio visual content, the tactics of surveillance, impersonation, doxxing, and threats, and the platform dynamics that accelerate harm through anonymity, virality, and algorithmic reinforcement. Using a doctrinal and socio legal method, the study analyses constitutional protections of privacy, dignity, equality, and speech limits, and evaluates statutory responses under the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and the post reform criminal law framework under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. It further assesses intermediary due diligence obligations and emerging judicial trends on injunctions, takedowns, and victim centric reasoning. The findings highlight recurring implementation gaps, including delayed FIR conversion, uneven cyber policing capacity, weak preservation and certification of electronic evidence, cross border attribution barriers, and inconsistent platform response to repeat uploads. The paper proposes a calibrated reform blueprint that strengthens evidence first investigation protocols, improves portal to FIR workflows, expands compensation and confidentiality safeguards, and aligns platform governance with proportionality and due process. It also identifies future research priorities on prevalence measurement, intersectional impacts, and efficacy of provenance and transparency standards. Comparative insights from the EU, UK, and Australia illustrate risk based platform duties, deepfake disclosure norms, and administrative takedown models, while cooperation tools inform cross border electronic evidence requests.

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THE DARK SIDE OF AI: CRYPTOCURRENCY AND CYBERCRIME: REGULATORY GAPS IN DIGITAL ASSET TRACING

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THE DARK SIDE OF AI: CRYPTOCURRENCY AND CYBERCRIME: REGULATORY GAPS IN DIGITAL ASSET TRACING Vishwajeet Singh, LLB 3rd year (6th semester) Student at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Dr. Mudra Singh, Assistant Professor at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India). Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.55 This paper examines how artificial intelligence is reshaping cryptocurrency-enabled cybercrime and why Indian regulatory architecture still struggles to trace, freeze, and prosecute virtual digital asset flows at speed. It maps the modern crime stack, from AI-assisted phishing and social engineering to ransomware, pig butchering, mixer use, and cross-chain laundering. It then evaluates India’s compliance perimeter under the PMLA notification covering VDA service activities, FIU-IND reporting obligations, CERT-In incident directions, and the evidentiary demands for electronic records under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 and procedural safeguards under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023. The analysis identifies persistent gaps: inconsistent Travel Rule implementation, weak governance for unhosted wallets and DeFi control points, uneven forensic readiness across platforms, and cross-border delays that allow rapid dissipation of value. The paper argues for traceability as infrastructure, not paperwork, and proposes a reform roadmap that combines minimum technical standards for logs and attribution artefacts, risk-tiered controls for high-risk transfers, stronger supervisory testing, and faster international cooperation mechanisms. The goal is a rights-respecting model that improves recovery for victims while preserving due process and data protection. It also situates these reforms within FATF standards and comparative models to ensure interoperability, predictability, and resilient prosecutions across jurisdictions globally.

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INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY IN INDIA POST 2021 RULES: A CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE OF FREE SPEECH AND REGULATORY ACCOUNTABILITY

Volume IV Issue I /

INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY IN INDIA POST 2021 RULES: A CONSTITUTIONAL BALANCE OF FREE SPEECH AND REGULATORY ACCOUNTABILITY Madhumitha Gopinath, Author is an Advocate at Bar Council of Tamilnadu and Puducherry, (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.54 The rapid expansion of digital communication platforms has significantly transformed democratic discourse in India, raising complex regulatory and constitutional questions regarding the liability of online intermediaries. Public expression is now increasingly mediated through digital intermediaries, particularly social media platforms, which has generated complex legal and constitutional questions regarding their regulation. An original protection of intermediaries under the Information Technology Act, 2000, Section 79, although conditional, was the protection of the so-called safe harbour by intermediaries. But with introduction of the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, due diligence has been increased particularly among Significant Social Media Intermediaries. The question that is addressed in this paper is whether the post-2021 regulatory framework is a recalibration of intermediary responsibility as per Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution of India. Based on the successful case law in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, the paper examines the application of constitutional precepts of proportionality, procedural protection and reasonable restriction in the digital context based on Article 19(2). Instead of considering the regulatory change as a break with the protection of free speech, this study assesses whether the changing frame indicates an effort at balancing between innovation, accountability, and constitutional freedoms. The paper concludes that the viability of intermediary regulation may be ultimately based on the balanced implementation, transparency, and reiteration of judicial control to make sure that digital regulation keeps in tune with the constitutional values.

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LAWS TO CURB CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA

Volume IV Issue I /

LAWS TO CURB CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA Vanshika, 10th semester B.A.LL.B (H) Student at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Dr. Srijan Mishra, Assistant Professor at Amity Law School, Lucknow Campus (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.53 Crimes against women are still a serious social and legal issue in India and a serious human rights violation. Despite constitutional guarantees of fairness, respect, and personal freedom, women are subjected to a wide range of forms of brutality, involving domestic abuse, sexual assaults, harassment, cruelty related to dowries, trafficking in persons, and cybercrimes. The Indian legal system has created a comprehensive structure that includes judicial interventions, special laws, punitive measures, and constitutional safeguards in response to these enduring issues. India has made an effort to modernize its criminal justice system while maintaining and strengthening laws intended to protect women from assault, through the enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which has replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860. In addition to special protective laws like the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, and laws addressing sexual violence and child protection, this research paper looks at the development and extent of laws passed to prevent crimes against women, with a focus on offenses under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita. The research paper also examines how judiciary has advanced women’s rights via significant rulings and progressive interpretations. Despite the seeming strength of the legal structure, there remain significant gaps in societal attitudes, implementation, and enforcement remain. The paper concludes that effective protection of women requires not only strong laws but also institutional accountability, gender sensitization, awareness, and victim-centric justice mechanisms.

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