LIJDLR

Volume IV Issue I

CYBERSECURITY REGULATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FLOWS

Volume IV Issue I /

CYBERSECURITY REGULATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FLOWS Gunjan Madaan, LLM Student (Corporate Law), IILM University, Greater Noida (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.108 Cybersecurity has become a crucial factor in determining foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in an increasingly digitalized world economy. Governments all around the world have implemented cybersecurity laws to protect national security, preserve data privacy, and reduce cyber threats as cross-border data flows increase and digital infrastructure becomes essential to international commercial operations. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows may be impacted by these policies’ compliance costs and regulatory uncertainty, even though their goal is to establish a secure investment environment. The dual effects of cybersecurity rules on foreign direct investment (FDI) are examined in this research article, which looks at both their beneficial role in building trust and their ability to discourage investment through higher costs and restrictions. This study investigates the connection between cybersecurity laws and how they affect international investment choices. Foreign investors face both possibilities and problems as nations fortify their legal frameworks to safeguard sensitive data, vital infrastructure, and digital ecosystems. Strong cybersecurity regulations, on the one hand, promote a stable investment climate by lowering the risks of data breaches, intellectual property theft, and cyberattacks. However, legislative fragmentation among jurisdictions, strict compliance standards, and data localization laws can raise operating costs and make it more difficult for international corporations to enter the market. Using a comparative method, the paper examines cybersecurity regulations in both industrialized and developing nations to see how they affect foreign direct investment inflows. It emphasizes how investor impressions are greatly influenced by regulatory clarity, openness, and worldwide harmonization. The long-term effects of emerging trends on international investment patterns are also assessed, including digital sovereignty, cross-border data restrictions, and changing international standards.

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CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF AI IN SECURITIES MARKETS

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CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF AI IN SECURITIES MARKETS Kavidharani R, 10th Semester Student pursuing BALLB(Hons) course at Presidency University, Bengaluru (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.107 This paper examines the conceptual foundations and legal framework governing the use of Artificial Intelligence in Indian securities markets. It begins by analysing key AI technologies, including machine learning paradigms, algorithmic trading, high-frequency trading, arbitrage mechanisms, and robo-advisory systems, with particular attention to their technical limitations and corresponding legal implications. The paper then situates these technologies within the institutional structure of Indian securities markets, focusing on the roles of stock exchanges, clearing corporations, depositories, and key intermediaries such as brokers and investment advisers. In its final section, the paper undertakes a doctrinal analysis of the statutory and regulatory framework, including the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, and key SEBI regulations, alongside the constitutional constraints under Articles 14, 19(1)(g), and 21, and the applicability of the Information Technology Act, 2000. The analysis identifies three structural gaps: the absence of statutory definitions for AI-driven trading practices, the inadequacy of intent-based liability standards in addressing autonomous systems, and the underdeveloped constitutional jurisprudence governing AI regulation in securities markets. The paper argues for a calibrated regulatory approach that balances innovation with investor protection and market integrity.

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HABEAS DATA FOR THE DEAD: ADDRESSING THE JURISDICTIONAL VACUUM OF FORENSIC DIGITAL TWINS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

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HABEAS DATA FOR THE DEAD: ADDRESSING THE JURISDICTIONAL VACUUM OF FORENSIC DIGITAL TWINS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Sakshee Narayan Gore, Manikchand Pahade Law College, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.106 When a person dies in a foreign country or during an international conflict, forensic experts often use advanced 3D scanning and digital imaging to study the body. This creates a “Digital Twin” a perfect, permanent digital copy of the deceased person’s internal and external anatomy. While international laws like the Geneva Conventions and UNESCO rules are very clear about how to return the physical body to their home country, these laws say absolutely nothing about the digital data left behind. This paper identifies a major legal “hole”: currently, even after a physical body is returned to its family, a foreign government or a private company can keep the digital version of that person forever. This data is often stored on servers in different countries, governed only by private contracts rather than human rights laws. This creates a situation where the dead have no “digital privacy,” and their most intimate biological details can be used, shared, or even sold without the consent of their family or their home nation. By looking at the legal principle of Habeas Data, a constitutional remedy originating in Article 5, LXXII of the Constitution of Brazil (1988) that grants individuals the right to access and control personal information held about them, and subsequently adopted across several Latin American jurisdictions, this research argues that we must recognize “Digital Remains” as something that deserves legal protection. It explores the conflict between a company’s claim to “own” the data and a family’s right to their loved one’s dignity. The paper concludes by proposing a new “International Protocol for Digital Repatriation.” This would require that when a physical body is sent home, all sensitive forensic data must also be transferred or deleted. The goal is to ensure that a person’s right to dignity doesn’t disappear just because their body has been turned into data.

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LAW ON EXTRADITION- BALANCING SOVEREIGNTY, JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE GLOBALISING WORLD

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LAW ON EXTRADITION- BALANCING SOVEREIGNTY, JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE GLOBALISING WORLD Ritu Shukla, LLM student DSNLU (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.105 Extradition stands for the process of turning over a fugitive by one nation to another for prosecution and punishment, if found guilty. Differences in the idea of crimes across nations has led to a question whether this difference have resulted in allowing fugitives to misuse it and evade prosecution by absconding to the nation where a particular offence is not a crime and where dual criminality is recognized? Through this paper it is being tried to explore how different jurisdictions reconcile conflicts between national interests and international obligations; how sovereign nations are balancing between their sovereignty and pursuit of global justice. It is also being tried to assess the human rights implications of extradition, including risks of unfair trial or inhumane treatment. It is seen that in spite of many frameworks and treaties present for extradition of a fugitive still inconsistencies in enforcement and interpretation of the treaties undermines its effectiveness. As seen in Bhopal gas tragedy case, the attempt of extradition of Warren Anderson, Chairman and CEO of Union Carbide Corporation, failed due to difference in interpretation of treaties resulting in undermining of accountability and denial of justice to the victims. The objective of this paper is to do a doctrinal and comparative research to suggest reforms that can enhance uniformity, safeguard human rights, and strengthen cooperative mechanisms, thereby contributing to both academic discourse and policy development.

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WORKPLACE SAFETY IN INDIA: JUDICIAL FOUNDATIONS AND THE OSHWC CODE, 2020

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WORKPLACE SAFETY IN INDIA: JUDICIAL FOUNDATIONS AND THE OSHWC CODE, 2020 Hanishree Saravanan, 8th semester student pursuing BBA LLB(HONS) at School of Excellence in Law, Tamilnadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.104 The recognition of a safe workplace as a fundamental right represents a significant evolution in Indian constitutional and labour jurisprudence. Traditionally, workplace safety in India was governed through fragmented statutory frameworks such as the Factories Act, 1948 and the Mines Act, 1952, which treated occupational safety primarily as a regulatory obligation imposed upon employers. However, judicial interpretation, particularly by the Supreme Court of India, transformed this understanding by expanding the scope of Article 21 of the Constitution to include the right to health, dignity, and humane working conditions. Landmark decisions such as People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, and Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India established that unsafe and exploitative working environments violate the constitutional guarantee of life and personal liberty. The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSHWC Code) represents a legislative response to this evolving constitutional vision by consolidating thirteen labour laws into a unified framework governing occupational safety, health, and welfare. The Code seeks to standardize safety obligations, strengthen employer accountability, and introduce modern compliance mechanisms such as digital inspections and risk-based regulation. This paper examines the judicial foundations that elevated workplace safety to a constitutional right and critically evaluates whether the OSHWC Code adequately reflects these principles. It argues that while the Code institutionalizes judicially recognized protections, effective enforcement and implementation remain essential to realizing workplace safety as a substantive fundamental right rather than a merely statutory promise. The study highlights the continuing role of constitutional courts in bridging gaps between legislative intent and workplace realities in India’s evolving labour governance framework.

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THE UNACKNOWLEDGED PLIGHT: EXPLORING CHALLENGES, HARASSMENT, AND INJUSTICE FACED BY MEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY

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THE UNACKNOWLEDGED PLIGHT: EXPLORING CHALLENGES, HARASSMENT, AND INJUSTICE FACED BY MEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY Samveg Mehta, BBA LLB(H), Semester-4, Year: 2026, Faculty of Law, GLS University, (India) Mana Shah, BBA LLB(H), Semester-4, Year: 2026, Faculty of Law, GLS University, (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.103 This chapter investigates the systemic exclusion of male victims within India’s socio-legal framework, particularly following the implementation of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. While India has made significant strides in protecting women’s rights, legal recognition for male victims of domestic violence, sexual harassment, and false accusations remains critically deficient. Drawing on original empirical data from a survey of 85 respondents and a rigorous doctrinal analysis of recent jurisprudence, this study exposes the “hierarchy of victimhood” embedded in Indian statutes. The research highlights a sobering reality: over half of married male respondents reported experiencing domestic or emotional abuse, yet they lack statutory recourse parallel to protections afforded to women under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005. The chapter further critiques the BNS 2023 for maintaining gender-specific language in critical sections (Sections 69, 75, and 85), which the author argues violates the constitutional guarantee of equality under Articles 14 and 15 of the Indian Constitution. By situating these findings within the global discourse on gender neutrality, the chapter proposes a structured five-year roadmap for reform. Ultimately, it argues that true gender justice requires dismantling binary hierarchies to protect individuals as persons before the law, irrespective of gender.

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LEGAL STATUS OF AI-GENERATED EVIDENCE IN INDIAN COURTS

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LEGAL STATUS OF AI-GENERATED EVIDENCE IN INDIAN COURTS Vansh Srivastava, Student at Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh (India) Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh, Associate Professor at Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.102 The swift progression of Artificial Intelligence has changed the character of evidence in judicial proceedings. AI-generated content, including deepfake videos, synthetic audio, and AI-made digital content, poses serious and new challenges to the basic rules of admissibility, authenticity, and reliability of evidence. Although Indian law has been updated through the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, which formally acknowledges electronic records as evidence, it does not specifically deal with the unique problems of AI-generated content. This paper looks at how Indian courts can deal with this problem before it gets worse. This paper examines the legal position of AI-generated evidence before Indian courts by looking at existing laws, court decisions and legal rules on electronic evidence. It also studies the challenges created by such evidence, including difficulties in authentication, the widely discussed “black box” problem of AI systems, break in chain of custody, and the potential for deliberate misuse. A comparative study of approaches adopted in jurisdictions such as the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom is conducted to identify international best practices. The paper argues that the existing Indian legal framework is not equipped to handle the specific dangers of AI-generated evidence and calls for clear changes, including explicit statutory recognition, better verification methods, required disclosure rules, and training for judges and courts. The study concludes that while AI can genuinely help justice, its uncontrolled use can destroy the very idea of truth that courts depend on.

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GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS: TRACING TRANSCONTINENTAL TRADE ROUTES TO CONTEMPORARY REVOLUTIONS – AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES

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GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS: TRACING TRANSCONTINENTAL TRADE ROUTES TO CONTEMPORARY REVOLUTIONS – AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES Rushikesh Suresh Belagali, LLM (IP) at Amity University Noida Uttar Pradesh (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.101 Geographical Indications (GIs) are a unique combination of trade, culture, and law that connects products to their place of origin via collective reputation and customary knowledge. This analytical study analyzes the historical growth of global interconnections (GIs) from ancient transcontinental trade routes including the Silk Route, Spice Route, and Mediterranean trade networks to their current resurrection as tools for economic fairness and cultural assertion. Historically, origin-based identifiers such as “Damask silk” and “Malabar pepper” served as informal quality labels, promoting long-distance trading. In the modern period, GIs have experienced legal transformations, particularly through international frameworks such as the TRIPS Agreement, to become tools for rural development, market difference, and misappropriation prevention. The paper critically investigates modern “GI revolutions,” particularly in the Global South, where GIs are being used to reclaim indigenous heritage, empower local communities, and resist global trade inequalities. At the same time, it outlines long-standing global concerns, such as disparities in protection, conflicts between traditional producers and corporate actors, enforcement difficulties, and contradictions between GIs and trademarks. The paper takes an analytical and comparative approach, highlighting how GIs function as both means of resistance to homogeneity and contested areas under neoliberal trade regimes. The article contends that, while GIs have transformative potential, their success is contingent on equitable governance, community participation, and increased international cooperation.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS, MAPPING LEGAL PATHWAYS AND PROTECTING PATIENT RIGHTS

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS, MAPPING LEGAL PATHWAYS AND PROTECTING PATIENT RIGHTS Manoj Kumar G, Guest Faculty, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Department of Legal Studies, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (India) Kuchalapati Suma, LLM Scholar, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Department of Legal Studies, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.100 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in healthcare management, reshaping clinical decision-making, hospital administration and patient engagement, with its trajectory evolving from early expert systems such as MYCIN in the 1970s to contemporary machine learning algorithms now deployed in diagnostics and hospital operations, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital health solutions, telemedicine platforms and virtual hospitals, underscoring the potential of AI-enabled systems to deliver accessible, efficient and scalable healthcare, while simultaneously raising complex legal, ethical and governance challenges that demand rigorous scholarly inquiry. This paper examines the historical evolution, emerging trends and future directions of AI in healthcare management through the lens of legal research, situating AI within the broader framework of digital health, telemedicine and virtual hospitals and interrogating the ethical and legal dilemmas that accompany algorithmic decision making, particularly issues of data privacy, informed consent, liability and accountability. Statutory frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996) in the United States, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, 2016) in the European Union, and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023  provide critical benchmarks for evaluating the adequacy of existing legal safeguards, while landmark judicial pronouncements including Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), which recognized privacy as a fundamental right in India and Teladoc v. Texas Medical Board (2015), which addressed telemedicine licensing disputes in the United States, illustrate the judiciary’s evolving role in mediating the intersection of law, technology and healthcare. The paper further explores ethical imperatives of transparency, fairness and equity in AI-driven healthcare delivery, noting risks of algorithmic bias, unequal access to digital health infrastructure and opacity of machine learning models and argues that future directions must include harmonization of cross-border telemedicine regulations, establishment of institutional AI ethics boards and integration of blockchain technologies for secure health data management, ultimately underscoring the necessity of adaptive legal frameworks that balance innovation with accountability and emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration between law, medicine and technology to ensure AI advances human welfare while safeguarding fundamental rights.

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ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF TOWN PANCHAYATS UNDER THE TAMIL NADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1920: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

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ESTABLISHMENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS OF TOWN PANCHAYATS UNDER THE TAMIL NADU DISTRICT MUNICIPALITIES ACT, 1920: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Rohit K, II LLM, Department of Property Law, School of Excellence in Law, TNDALU (India) Dr P.Brinda, Associate Professor, The TN Dr Ambedkar Law University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.99 Town Panchayats occupy a distinctive position within India’s framework of urban local self-government, particularly in transitional areas experiencing gradual urbanisation. In Tamil Nadu, their legal and administrative foundation is primarily governed by the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920, which predates the constitutionalisation of urban local bodies under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. This study undertakes an analytical examination of the establishment and constitutional status of Town Panchayats, focusing on their statutory origins, constitutional legitimacy, functional responsibilities, and contemporary governance challenges. The research situates Town Panchayats within the broader constitutional framework of decentralisation under Part IX-A of the Constitution and evaluates the extent to which statutory provisions align with constitutional mandates of autonomy, democratic representation, and devolution of powers. It further examines judicial interpretations concerning the constitutional nature of municipal bodies and highlights practical concerns such as financial dependence, administrative control, and the transitional identity of Town Panchayats. By critically analysing statutory provisions and constitutional principles, this study aims to assess whether Town Panchayats function as effective institutions of grassroots urban governance or remain constrained by structural and administrative limitations.

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