LIJDLR

Volume IV Issue II

PREDATORS ON THE MOVE: ZERO FIR AS A REMISSION IN PERSPECTIVE OF BANGLADESH

Volume IV Issue II /

PREDATORS ON THE MOVE: ZERO FIR AS A REMISSION IN PERSPECTIVE OF BANGLADESH Mafruza Sultana, Assistant Professor & Chairperson at Department of Law, Uttara University, Bangladesh Syeda Afroza Zerin, Professor & Dean at School of Arts and Social Sciences, Uttara University, Bangladesh Niamur Raquib, Lecturer at Department of Law, Uttara University, Bangladesh Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.182 Rising incidents of robbery, sexual harassment, trafficking, and other offences committed in public transport and during travel in Bangladesh expose persistent procedural barriers that obstruct victims’ prompt access to justice. The registration of a First Information Report (FIR) is the foundational step in the criminal process; however, police stations frequently refuse to receive complaints on the ground of territorial jurisdiction, causing delay and increasing the risk of evidence loss and further victimization. This article examines whether the concept of Zero FIR, under which any police station may register information relating to a cognizable offence irrespective of where the offence occurred and subsequently transfer the case to the competent police station, can be incorporated into the Bangladeshi criminal justice system. The study aims to identify existing legal and institutional constraints and to evaluate the suitability of Zero FIR as a victim-centred procedural reform. Employing a normative-dogmatic juridical methodology, the research analyses the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, the Police Act, 1861, Police Regulations of Bengal, relevant case law, and comparative developments in India, where Zero FIR gained prominence following the Justice Verma Committee’s recommendations and subsequent criminal law reforms. The findings demonstrate that Bangladeshi law already contains sufficient doctrinal foundations to support this mechanism. The paper recommends statutory recognition of Zero FIR, issuance of binding police directives, accountability measures for refusal to record complaints, specialized training, and nationwide public awareness initiatives to ensure faster and more accessible justice for victims.

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AI, FAIRNESS AND FINANCIAL DATA: A LEGAL STUDY OF INDIA’S UPDATED DATA PROTECTION RULES FOR BANKS

Volume IV Issue II /

AI, FAIRNESS AND FINANCIAL DATA: A LEGAL STUDY OF INDIA’S UPDATED DATA PROTECTION RULES FOR BANKS Pranav Kumar Saxena, B.A. LL.B. (H), LL.M., Associate Vice President (Legal), Kotak Mahindra Bank Ltd. (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.181 Artificial Intelligence (AI) now plays a central role in India’s banking sector. Banks depend on AI systems for scoring credit risk, detecting fraud, monitoring transactions, automating customer interactions and supporting compliance processes. These systems promise efficiency and scale, but they also rely on continuous processing of personal and financial data. This increases concerns about fairness, transparency, accuracy and privacy. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 (DPDP) and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules notified in 2025 have introduced a detailed and structured framework to govern the processing of such data. These Rules include strict standards for consent, retention, deletion, breach reporting, cross-border transfers and automated decision making. They also create new classifications, Significant Data Fiduciaries, under which most banks are likely to fall. This paper examines how these updated Rules affect AI enabled banking in India. It studies how the Rules shape responsibilities related to fairness, accountability and transparency in automated decision making. It also compares India’s approach with global models such as the GDPR, China’s PIPL and the United States’ sector specific system. While the new Rules mark a major step forward for data governance, the paper argues that India still needs clearer standards on algorithmic fairness, explainability, vendor management and audit requirements. The aim is to support a regulatory environment that encourages innovation while protecting financial data and strengthening trust in AI driven banking.

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FROM GLOBAL CLIMATE AGREEMENTS TO LOCAL RESILIENCE: LEGAL INNOVATIONS, LOCAL CAPACITY AND GOVERNANCE PATHWAYS FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE

Volume IV Issue II /

FROM GLOBAL CLIMATE AGREEMENTS TO LOCAL RESILIENCE: LEGAL INNOVATIONS, LOCAL CAPACITY AND GOVERNANCE PATHWAYS FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE Omoyemen Lucia Odigie-Emmanuel, Nigerian Law School, Centre for Human Rights & Climate Change Research Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.180 Climate change presents one of the most significant governance and legal challenges of the twenty-first century, particularly for vulnerable states whose adaptive capacity remains constrained by institutional, financial and regulatory limitations. While international climate agreements have established important frameworks for mitigation and adaptation, the translation of these commitments into effective governance systems remains uneven across jurisdictions. This article examines how legal tools, institutional capacity and governance innovation can strengthen climate justice and resilience through a multi-level system of climate governance. Drawing on doctrinal legal analysis and jurisprudential scholarship, the study examines the evolving architecture of climate law across international, national and local governance systems. It analyses key developments within the global climate regime, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, alongside emerging climate litigation and advisory jurisprudence from international and domestic courts. Particular attention is given to the role of national climate legislation, including Nigeria’s Climate Change Act, and the growing significance of subnational and community-based governance initiatives in implementing climate adaptation and resilience strategies. The article argues that climate justice cannot be realised through international agreements alone but requires an integrated legal architecture in which international norms, domestic legislation and local governance systems operate in mutually reinforcing ways. It demonstrates that effective climate governance depends on robust legal frameworks, transparent regulatory institutions and participatory governance mechanisms capable of addressing both mitigation and adaptation challenges. By integrating environmental justice theory, sustainable development theory and polycentric governance approaches, the article advances a jurisprudential framework for understanding how law can support equitable climate transitions. It concludes that strengthening legal accountability, improving climate finance governance and enhancing institutional capacity are essential for advancing climate resilience and ensuring that vulnerable states can participate effectively in the global transition toward sustainable and low-carbon development.

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LAW’S SILENCE ON BESTIALITY IN INDIA

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LAW’S SILENCE ON BESTIALITY IN INDIA Ankita Khamari, Research Scholar at PG Department of Law, Sambalpur University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.179 The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 marks a significant shift in India’s criminal law framework, replacing the colonial Indian Penal Code. However, this transition has resulted in an unintended yet serious legislative gap, the omission of provisions addressing bestiality. Historically, Section 377 of the IPC criminalised “carnal intercourse against the order of nature,” encompassing sexual acts with animals. While the Supreme Court in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) decriminalised consensual same-sex relations, it explicitly retained the applicability of Section 377 to non-consensual acts and bestiality. The complete removal of this provision in the BNS, without introducing an alternative, has effectively decriminalised sexual abuse of animals. This paper critically examines the legal, constitutional, and ethical implications of this omission. It highlights the inadequacy of existing laws, particularly the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, which provides minimal penalties and fails to address sexual violence against animals. Drawing upon reported cases and criminological studies linking animal abuse with violent criminal behaviour, the paper argues that the current framework undermines both animal welfare and public safety. It further evaluates the ignored recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Committee and advocates for urgent legislative intervention to criminalise bestiality explicitly, ensuring comprehensive protection for vulnerable, non-consenting beings.

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EVALUATING THE CONSTITUTIONAL INTERSECTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILING AND THE EMERGING NEED FOR NEURO-RIGHTS IN INDIA

Volume IV Issue II /

EVALUATING THE CONSTITUTIONAL INTERSECTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILING AND THE EMERGING NEED FOR NEURO-RIGHTS IN INDIA Palak P Kumar, B.A LL. B (H), 8th Semester, Student at Amity University Haryana (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.178 Cerebral Perceptivity is a crucial asset in the criminal justice system, easing crime prevention, improving investigative processes, guiding informed legal decisions, and ensuring effective rehabilitation of offenders. These roles are linked to litigation, as psychological assessments and expert opinions stemming from this perceptivity are often presented as evidence in court, affecting both prosecution and defence tactics. However, the use of psychological principles in this context faces various challenges that vary by country. For example, in Japan, the strong emphasis on obtaining confessions has sometimes led to the alarming issue of false admissions—problems that become pivotal in cases involving coerced confessions and wrongful convictions. Additionally, the absence of stringent regulations surrounding identification procedures can result in wrongful identifications, often contested in court where the credibility of eyewitness accounts is scrutinized. The needs of vulnerable individuals are often overlooked due to inadequate protective measures, raising serious concerns in litigation involving minors or mentally ill defendants. Lay judges often struggle to deliver fair and correct verdicts, a challenge that is especially pertinent in jury trials where psychological evaluations of defendants or witnesses can influence the final decision. Forensic Psychology encompasses the application of cerebral services within the legal framework and is becoming increasingly significant in shaping litigation strategies and evidentiary standards. This field, which merges law, forensic science, and psychology, is vital to the functioning of the legal system. Utilizing psychological principles in criminal investigations, forensic psychology enhances our comprehension of the interplay between human behaviour and legal standards insights often presented in court to bolster claims, defences, or sentencing arguments. By examining pertinent case studies and offering methodological critiques, the paper promotes the improvement of techniques vital for reaching justice and reducing recidivism. The analysis also focuses on the admissibility of psychological tests as evidence under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, critically evaluating the reliability of such evidence in revealing the truth a matter increasingly debated in Indian litigation concerning expert evidence and constitutional fairness.

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WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND INCLUSIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

Volume IV Issue II /

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND INCLUSIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE Aarzoo, LL.M., Scholar at Faculty of Legal Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (India) Shubham Upadhaya, LL.M., Scholar at Faculty of Legal Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.177 Women empowerment entails the provision of social advancement systems, economic growth systems, and the creation of inclusive gender equality systems. Part of women’s empowerment is providing women with the resources and rights to make decisions and participate in their communities. Education is essential to the process of empowerment, providing women the tools to uplift their status, both economically and socially. Moreover, the obtained competency, along with the legal, financial, and health access resources, allows women to have full control over their lives. Through economic empowerment, women are able to overcome the obstacles and redefine the traditional understanding of gender roles. Women are currently provided with greater networking possibilities and economic participation due to economic and remote education, as well as digital advancements. The involvement of women in the digital economy has presented them with a world of opportunity. Although the digital economy offers numerous benefits, women continue to experience gender discrimination, social restrictions, unequal pay, and lack of women leaders. The above issues are dealt with by legal, policy and global frameworks. Gender equality, and later women empowerment, requires inclusive policy frameworks, advocacy, and community-based initiatives, supported by the government, civil society, and the private sector. The societal change, policy frameworks, advocacy, and education should be sustained to guarantee feministic freedom. By empowering women, the society is able to grow and enhance healthcare, economies and childcare. Real empowerment is complex.

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DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE UNDER MUSLIM LAW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRIPLE TALAQ: A FEMINIST CRITIQUE

Volume IV Issue II /

DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE UNDER MUSLIM LAW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRIPLE TALAQ: A FEMINIST CRITIQUE Dr. D.P. Verma, Professor (Head) at HPU Regional Centre Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh University (India) Kalyani Acharya, Ph.D., Research Scholar at Himachal Pradesh University (Former Research Associate at Himachal Pradesh National Law University) (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.176 This paper advances a feminist critique of legislative interventions across both the colonial and post-colonial eras, examining how such interventions have profoundly shaped the evolution of Muslim personal law, with particular emphasis on the dissolution of marriage and, specifically, the practice of triple talaq. Public conversation surrounding triple talaq is largely confined to the celebrated case of Shayara Bano and the consequent criminalization of the practice, yet the issue encompasses a far wider and more complex set of concerns. This paper undertakes a critical inquiry into whether triple talaq is genuinely the core problem that media portrayal has made it out to be, or whether it is merely a consequence of the persistent failure to codify Muslim personal law in a comprehensive and systematic manner. It further raises the pointed question of why, despite the perceived severity of the problem, no meaningful legislative steps were taken toward such codification. The analysis is organized across two broad phases. The colonial phase examines the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937 and the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act of 1939, exploring how colonial administrative logic shaped these enactments. The post-colonial phase then turns to the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act of 1986 and the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act of 2019, critically examining the motivations and limitations of these legislative interventions from a feminist standpoint.

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CYBER RISK ASSOCIATED WITH QR CODES AND THEIR REGULATION IN INDIA

Volume IV Issue II /

CYBER RISK ASSOCIATED WITH QR CODES AND THEIR REGULATION IN INDIA Akshaya A, LLM (Cyber Space Law and Justice), 1st Year, Student at School of Excellence in Law, The Tamil Nadu, Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.175 QR code (Quick response codes) are one of the major digital transformations in India. Several countries around the world have adopted QR code for availing various digital services, most especially for mobile payments. Every digital development will definitely have risks or complications, threats and vulnerabilities. So, this paper evaluates whether there is sufficient legal framework for regulation of QR codes used in various sector in India such as banking/merchant payment, business, education, government services, web access etc. The widespread adoption of digital services for everyday transactions, without fully understanding of it’s their implications raise concerns about potential future issues. Therefore, effective collaboration between the financial sector, especially the Reserve Bank of India, cyber security centres, e-governance regulatory bodies, and educational institutions is essential to ensure safe and secure digital access and transactions. Developing countries like India, must take proactive initiatives to strengthen rules and raise awareness about the appropriate usage of QR codes in this digital age. Sector specific regulations of QR code is developed primarily in the banking and financial sector, whereas in most other sectors QR codes are widely used but the regulatory framework remains largely silent. Technical enhancement to a QR code should also ensure its reliability and functionality. AI based scams and other advanced risk are often closely associated with the rapid growth of emerging technologies. So, law should always be ready to prevent or curb the risk out of these emerging digital technologies. The increasing us of QR codes raises significant concerns on security and privacy. Mere awareness is not sufficient to address the risk arising from digital initiatives. A Combined approach of legal reforms and technical advancement is essential to mitigate this risk and to build to “Secure Digital India”.

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FROM “OBJECTS OF SYMPATHY” TO “SUBJECTS OF RIGHTS”: REIMAGINING DISABILITY RIGHTS IN INDIA WITH “DOCTRINE OF SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY” AND “DOCTRINE OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION”

Volume IV Issue II /

FROM “OBJECTS OF SYMPATHY” TO “SUBJECTS OF RIGHTS”: REIMAGINING DISABILITY RIGHTS IN INDIA WITH “DOCTRINE OF SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY” AND “DOCTRINE OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION” Harshita Tholiya, Research Associate at High Court of Judicature, Allahabad, (India) Manik Tindwani, Advocate at Rajasthan High Court, Jaipur (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.174 Indian disability law has moved far from treating “persons with disabilities” as “objects of sympathy” to treating them as “especially abled individuals” as “subjects of rights”, but ground reality is still far aloof from this doctrinal vision. This paper challenges charity model and medicalised view that disability lies mainly in defective body or mind. It argues that Indian law now speaks different language. The Supreme Court’s disability handbook adopts social model and explains that disablement often comes from social, institutional, communicational, legal, and attitudinal barriers rather than impairment alone. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, read with UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities, places dignity, autonomy, participation, accessibility, equality of opportunity, and reasonable accommodation at centre of disability justice. The Court’s recent decisions deepen that shift. Pragya Prasun v Union of India, 2025 INSC 599 treated inaccessible digital KYC systems as exclusion from essential services and ordered structural accessibility measures. Sujata Bora v Coal India Limited, 2026 INSC 53 linked accommodation in public employment with Articles 14, 21, and 41, and rejected bureaucratic technicalities that would defeat equal opportunity. The real crisis now is enforcement and on-ground implementation. Rights exist in statute, in constitutional doctrine, and in judgments. Yet persons with disabilities still litigate for basic access to education, employment, courts, services, and technology. This paper therefore argues for eight practical and implementable “Ashtvakra Reforms” that convert on-paper guarantees into everyday inclusion through timelines, audits, digital standards, institutional cells, intersectional governance, and stronger efficacious remedies.

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RULE OF LAW: UNDERSTANDING ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN UPHOLDING CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES

Volume IV Issue II /

RULE OF LAW: UNDERSTANDING ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN UPHOLDING CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTIES Khushboo Rupani, Ph.D., Research Scholar at School of Legal Studies, Vikrant University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.173 The study investigates how the Rule of Law serves as an essential requirement which enables constitutional governance to function in India while investigating its power to maintain constitutional order and its capacity to safeguard personal rights. The assessment of the Rule of Law begins with the Constitution’s essential principles which establish its fundamental elements and operational elements which include constitutional supremacy and restricted government and non-arbitrary decision making and equality and accountability. The research examines how Articles 13 and 14 and 19 and 21 define legal frameworks which limit both legislative and executive authorities while Articles 32 and 226 establish paths to justice which convert rights into real-world security measures. The study explores how Indian legal systems developed from a formal compliance framework toward a rights based constitutional system which uses constitutional standards and open procedures to evaluate governmental activities. The research evaluates institutional protections which maintain democratic equilibrium by examining legal restrictions on discretionary powers and administrative accountability systems. The Right to Information Act 2005 together with the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 create statutory frameworks which promote judicial transparency while creating pathways to justice and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 procedural changes examine their effects on processes which protect individual liberties. The research identifies ongoing problems which include excessive use of discretion and delayed justice and corruption and unfair law enforcement and presents suggestions which aim to strengthen transparency practices and integrity systems and constitutional remedy procedures.

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