LIJDLR

Cybercrime

CYBER CRIME AND CHANGING CONTOURS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CYBERSPACE: A LEGAL AND POLICY PERSPECTIVE

Volume IV Issue II /

CYBER CRIME AND CHANGING CONTOURS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN CYBERSPACE: A LEGAL AND POLICY PERSPECTIVE Manasa Ranjan Mishra, Assistant Professor at ICSS Law College, Bhadrak, Odisha (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.200 The rampant proliferation and exponential surge of digital technologies have brought about drastic transformation in the genre, and modus operandi of criminal activities in cyberspace. Cyber-crime, being heterogenous unlike conventional crimes, is distinguished by the trait of its obscurity, cosmopolitan presence and technological intricacy that purporting to pose potential threat to traditional nuances of criminal liability embedded in territorial jurisdiction and physical presence. The present paper attempts to trace the genesis of evolving landscape of criminal liability in cyberspace in terms of legal and policy dimensions with special reference to Indian Context. The paper examines the efficacy of prevailing legal frameworks like “IT Act, 2000 and BNS, 2023 in mitigating cyber threats. It tries to unfold strategic issues like ascribing liability in unfamiliar surroundings, jurisdictional disputes in transnational offences, accountability of intermediaries in digital platforms, and evidentiary bottlenecks involved in digital forensics. Further this study emphasizes the burgeoning significance of artificial intelligence that accentuates the complexities of conventional notion of criminal liability. This study acknowledges the fact that despite of enormous stride of cyber regulatory ecosystem in India, still the changing dynamics of cyberspace calls for erecting a robust institutional infrastructure and legal acclimatization. In the matter of policy perspective, this study recognizes large discrepancy in regulatory enforcement, technological prowess, and transnational partnership. The paper cast a concluding observation in fostering a techno-legal mix of perceptions which ought to imbibe international efforts and capacity building initiatives into legislative reforms. The study put emphasis on arriving at a balanced approach to strengthening cyber security, while upholding fundamental rights of privacy and freedom of expression. Eventually, the paper underlines that to have a meaningful and responsive legal system to cyber-crime; it is highly imperative to revisit the contours of criminal liability in cyberspace.

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FROM VICTIM TO VILLAIN: A FORENSIC AND LINGUISTIC INQUIRY INTO THE CONSTRUCTION OF CRIMINAL IDENTITY IN THE AGE OF DEEPFAKES

Volume IV Issue II /

FROM VICTIM TO VILLAIN: A FORENSIC AND LINGUISTIC INQUIRY INTO THE CONSTRUCTION OF CRIMINAL IDENTITY IN THE AGE OF DEEPFAKES Neha Goyal, Assistant Prof. at Indore Institute of Law (India) Siddharth Sinha, Assistant Prof. at Indore Institute of Law (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.192 Deepfake technology has transformed the creation and dissemination of digital content by enabling the generation of highly realistic synthetic audio, video, and images. While these tools have legitimate applications in entertainment, education, and accessibility, their misuse has created significant challenges for criminal law, evidentiary standards, and the protection of personal identity. This paper examines how deepfakes alter the construction of criminal identity by transforming victims into perceived offenders through fabricated but persuasive digital media. Using a doctrinal, comparative, and case study methodology, the paper analyses the Indian legal framework, including the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, and the Copyright Act, 1957. It further compares regulatory developments in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, with particular reference to the Online Safety Act 2023, the proposed NO FAKES Act, the DEEPFAKES Accountability Act, and the EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Drawing on case studies involving financial fraud, intimate image abuse, family court evidence, political manipulation, and reputational attacks, the study highlights the role of digital forensics and forensic linguistics in authenticating disputed content and exposing synthetic identities. The findings reveal significant gaps in Indian law, including the absence of deepfake-specific offences, limited platform accountability, and inadequate evidentiary protocols. The paper recommends targeted legislative amendments, specialised forensic-linguistic laboratories, AI-based verification systems, judicial training, and public awareness initiatives to strengthen victim protection, preserve evidentiary integrity, and restore trust in digital media.

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REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEEPFAKES IN INDIA: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF PRIVACY, PLATFORM LIABILITY, CYBERCRIME, AND CONSTITUTIONAL FREE SPEECH

Volume IV Issue II /

REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEEPFAKES IN INDIA: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF PRIVACY, PLATFORM LIABILITY, CYBERCRIME, AND CONSTITUTIONAL FREE SPEECH Ishani Chhaudha, Asian Law College, Ccs University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.166 Artificial intelligence has evolved from a computational tool into a powerful medium of expression shaping identity, political communication, advertising, and social interaction. Deepfakes, synthetic audio, face swaps, voice cloning, and other forms of generative media create legal harms that intersect with privacy, defamation, fraud, cybercrime, intermediary liability, electoral integrity, and constitutional free speech. This article examines how the existing Indian legal framework including the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, and constitutional jurisprudence under Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India and Shreya Singhal v. Union of India can be interpreted to regulate harmful synthetic media. Using a doctrinal and analytical methodology, the article distinguishes between legitimate uses of artificial intelligence in satire, education, accessibility, and artistic expression, and malicious deepfakes that infringe dignity, facilitate impersonation, mislead voters, enable cyber fraud, or threaten public safety. It argues that India should adopt a rights-based regulatory framework grounded in informed consent, data protection, platform due diligence, forensic evidence preservation, proportionate labelling, effective grievance redressal, victim remedies, and court-reviewable takedown mechanisms. The article concludes that artificial intelligence and deepfakes can be effectively regulated within India’s existing constitutional and statutory framework without undermining freedom of speech and democratic values.

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UNVEILING THE DARK WEB: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF AI-ASSISTED CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATIONS IN INDIA’S HIDDEN INTERNET

Volume III Issue II /

UNVEILING THE DARK WEB: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF AI-ASSISTED CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATIONS IN INDIA’S HIDDEN INTERNET Shamik Lodh, LLM (Criminal Law) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2025.v03.45 The rise of cybercrime in India, driven by growing indications of digitization and technological advancement, presents formidable challenges to individuals, businesses, and national security. This report brings together existing literature on the landscape for cybercrime in India and the extending role of artificial intelligence (AI) to build investigative capacity. Traditional enforcement practices face challenges to manage the breadth and sophistication of cybercrime; AI provides a set of tools for threat detection, data analysis, digital forensics, and suspect identification. However, the move toward AI to address cybercrime in India faces legal and regulatory considerations, technical and organizational challenges and ethical considerations. This report reviews the existing legal framework for existing and anticipated cybercrime and AI laws in India, examines the technical and organizational challenges to the implementation of AI in investigations, and introduces several case studies to indicate potential and limitations of AI. The review leads to the conclusion that whilst AI indicates significant opportunity in assisting/increasing investigations of cybercrime in India, it requires a related legal and regulatory framework, careful investments in technical capability and education and a consideration of ethical implications to ensure safe and just cyberspace.

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ANALYSING THE NOTION OF CYBER CRIMES: A LOOMING THREAT TO THE INDIAN E-BANKING SECTOR

Volume I Issue II /

ANALYSING THE NOTION OF CYBER CRIMES: A LOOMING THREAT TO THE INDIAN E-BANKING SECTOR Ananya Jain, Final Year Student, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT Traditionally, banking required a consumer to wait in a long line even to withdraw money or do other auxiliary tasks. The gap between the bank and the customer has shrunk since financial services are now accessible around-the-clock through ATMs, internet banking, transfers through NEFT and RTGS, etc. E-banking includes much more than simply employing computer-based systems for banking. An information and communication technology-based service is internet banking, frequently termed e-banking. A slightest bounce or carelessness in how we manage our digital lives can invite cybercrime and cause financial loss. We must therefore exercise caution and vigilance whenever we interact with the outside world digitally, whether it be for online gaming, social networking, business, or other purposes. According to the most recent statistics from January 2023, there were approximately 692.0 million active internet users,[1] and this increase has raised the likelihood that a user will fall victim to this malicious sort of crime, which has been on the rise over the previous few decades. When deploying Internet banking and related services, customers constantly fret about the anonymity of their financial information. It is pertinent to demonstrate to Internet banking users about potential risks and how to remain cautious. The study in this paper examines and assesses the consequences of online banking services in terms of potential cyber vulnerabilities. Moreover, it delivers basic advice on how users can avoid becoming victims of cybercrime as well as an overview of cybercrimes in the e-banking industry. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue II, Page 296- 320. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2023 Recent content ANALYSING THE NOTION OF CYBER CRIMES: A LOOMING THREAT TO THE INDIAN E-BANKING SECTOR ‘ARREST’ IN INDIA: 360 ANALYSIS Book Review on “The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else” by Hernando de Soto SUSTAINING CREATION: EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION VIOLATION OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND HEALTH RIGHTS OF MIGRANT WORKERS UNRAVELLING ‘LOSS OF CONFIDENCE’- AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF RUDRESHA V. MANAGEMENT OF M/S TVS MOTOR COMPANY

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