LIJDLR

Volume IV Special Issue I

AI, SOCIETY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDIA: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND THE ROAD AHEAD

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI, SOCIETY AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDIA: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND THE ROAD AHEAD Shrutika Juwale, Second Year LLM- IPR, KES SHRI. Jayantilal Patel College of Law, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.42 This research paper examines the influence of Artificial Intelligence on society and the legal system in India. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a widely used technology in both professional and personal life, making several activities more convenient, efficient, and accessible. Whether individuals are fully aware of it or not, AI increasingly influences decision-making processes and the manner in which people live, work, and interact with institutions. Although the legal services sector has traditionally been cautious in adopting new technologies, AI is now having a substantial impact on law firms, legal research, contract drafting, case management, and judicial administration. AI can reduce the administrative burden on legal professionals by enabling faster legal research, document review, contract analysis, and access to large legal databases. At the same time, its adoption raises serious concerns relating to employment displacement, algorithmic bias, privacy, accountability, and the possible weakening of human judgment in legal processes. In India, AI-enabled initiatives and digital justice reforms, including tools used for legal research, translation, and case management, indicate the gradual transformation of the legal system. However, AI should be treated as an assistive mechanism rather than a substitute for judges, lawyers, and human legal reasoning. This paper examines the dual nature of AI adoption by analysing its efficiency gains against its ethical, social, and regulatory risks. It further argues that India must develop a balanced framework for responsible AI use in the legal sector, supported by transparency, data protection, accountability, ethical oversight, and suitable reforms in legal education. The paper concludes that AI can strengthen the legal system only when it remains subject to human supervision and the constitutional values of justice, fairness, and equality.

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UNDERSTANDING THE FIXING LIABILITY FOR AUTONOMOUS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF DECISION-MAKING IN INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

UNDERSTANDING THE FIXING LIABILITY FOR AUTONOMOUS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF DECISION-MAKING IN INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS C. SibiKarthick, 8th Semester B.A.LL.B Student at Government Law College, Madurai, affiliated with Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar University,Tamilnadu (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.41 In the international context, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technological development; however, harms arising from autonomous AI activities now constitute a serious legal concern. Several international reports indicate that, following the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of children transitioned extensively to online education, resulting in increased dependence on mobile technology and, consequently, excessive engagement with social media, video games, and AI-based interactions. Interactive AI technologies, in particular, may contribute to self-harm risks among vulnerable users, especially children and adolescents. Recent incidents reveal AI-mediated harms, including AI chatbots allegedly encouraging suicide or assisting in drafting suicide notes, and voice assistants suggesting dangerous physical challenges to children. In legal parlance, one of the most sophisticated challenges lies in determining liability and identifying the responsible entity. Applying the maxim qui facit per alium facit per se, the question arises whether harm caused by an AI system can be attributed to the manufacturer, developer, company, or end user. In this regard, it becomes necessary to examine whether strict liability and product liability concepts are adequate to secure justice for victims. This paper analyses liability by examining foundational questions concerning the nature of AI, agency, personhood, intention, and justice. Using a comparative legal approach, with particular focus on the European Union model, the paper examines how risk-based regulation, mandatory human oversight, and clearly defined legal obligations may fill the existing accountability gap. It also proposes a shared but differentiated liability model to strengthen victim protection and corporate accountability. This study ultimately focuses on the problem of undefined AI liability and the significance of a legal framework to uphold justice for victims and ensure accountability.

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AI IN LIBRARY AUTOMATION & MANAGEMENT

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI IN LIBRARY AUTOMATION & MANAGEMENT Kanak Godbole, 3rd Semester LLM Student at KES’ Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.40 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping contemporary library automation and management by transforming how libraries organise resources, retrieve information, support users, and manage institutional collections. This paper examines the integration of AI technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, automation, predictive analytics, and AI-enabled user support systems, within modern library management systems. It adopts a doctrinal and analytical legal approach to assess the operational benefits and regulatory risks of AI-driven library services, particularly in relation to data protection, copyright compliance, algorithmic accountability, and user privacy. The paper finds that AI can substantially improve cataloguing, semantic search, multilingual access, digital archiving, recommendation services, and resource allocation, thereby reduce manual workload and enhance accessibility for diverse users. However, these advantages are accompanied by significant legal and ethical concerns, especially where libraries process user search histories, borrowing patterns, reading preferences, and behavioural data through automated or predictive systems. The study argues that such practices must be evaluated under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, read with the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, and within the broader policy framework of responsible AI governance emerging in India. The paper recommends that libraries adopt privacy-by-design systems, transparent consent mechanisms, human oversight, copyright-compliant digitisation practices, and safeguards against algorithmic bias. It concludes that AI should not be treated merely as a tool for automation, but as a regulated institutional technology capable of strengthening libraries as intelligent, inclusive, and legally accountable knowledge infrastructures

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AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP IN AI GENERATED WORKS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP IN AI GENERATED WORKS Urvi Shreyas Shah, Student at KES’ Shri. Jayantilal H. Patel Law College, Advocate at Bombay High Court (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.39 Artificial intelligence has transformed from a simple tool to get information to a robust tool which can create books, music, artworks, and computer programs with little to no human involvement. From a legal point of view, this raises serious legal questions with regard to who should be called the author of these works, and who should own them? The present laws in India especially the Indian Copyright Law grants protection to the work that is creative in nature that in turn must involve human effort, skill, and judgment, but AI generated content challenges this fundamental idea. This research paper looks at how current laws handle works created by artificial intelligence. It also looks at who can be called an author of the work when AI creates something, and whether present copyright laws can even protect such content. There is another question of whether these works should just be kept free for everyone to use. The paper also examines whether AI generated works satisfy basic legal requirements like originality and human creative input. It also includes the gaps and confusion in current laws, particularly in the Copyright Act, 1957, and examines how the United States and United Kingdom are addressing these issues through comparative analysis. Beyond ownership questions, the research considers the implications of extending copyright protection to AI generated works, with particular reference to innovation incentives, market dynamics, and the risk of monopolisation by technology corporations.

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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND POLICY DEVELOPMENTS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Veronica Gabriel Fernandes, LLM, Second Year ,KES Shri. Jayantilal H. Patel Law College (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.38 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of modern society, influencing decision-making in sectors such as healthcare, banking, law enforcement, education, and governance. The integration of AI into these domains has led to improved efficiency, enhanced accuracy, and greater innovation. While AI offers efficiency and innovation, its unchecked use may result in serious legal and ethical challenges, including privacy violations, discrimination, lack of transparency, and absence of accountability. This research paper examines the regulatory frameworks and recent policy developments governing Artificial Intelligence at international and national levels. It analyses significant legal instruments such as the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act, policy-based approaches adopted by the United States, regulatory measures in China, and the evolving Indian legal position. The paper also discusses key concerns relating to data protection, transparency, ethical AI, and liability. The paper highlights the need for balanced and adaptive regulation that safeguards fundamental rights while promoting innovation.  The paper further explores key challenges associated with AI regulation, such as data protection and privacy safeguards, transparency and explainability of algorithms, ethical deployment of AI systems, and the determination of liability for harm caused by AI-driven decisions. By employing doctrinal legal research and drawing upon constitutional principles and judicial precedents, the study emphasises the necessity of a balanced, flexible, and human-centric regulatory framework. It ultimately advocates a harmonised, risk-based approach to AI governance that effectively safeguards fundamental rights while fostering responsible innovation and technological progress. The study concludes by recommending a risk-based, human-centric, and harmonized approach to AI governance.

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RIGHT TO DIGNITY IN THE AGE OF DEEPFAKES: A CONSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW

Volume IV Special Issue I /

RIGHT TO DIGNITY IN THE AGE OF DEEPFAKES: A CONSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW Pruthali soni, 10th semester B.A.LL.B student at Kes Shri Jayantilal H Patel Law College, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.37 Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees right to life and personal liberty, which includes right to privacy and dignity. However due to evolution of Artificial Intelligence it is kept on stake. Whether intentionally or unintentionally, we all are at a stake of granting AI our personal and private data. Privacy and dignity are among the two greatest and most fundamental rights of all people “due to their being Humans”; thus, Privacy and Dignity affect all people in the world in a tremendous way: In regard to AI and the possible misuse of AI through the creation of different types of harm in regard to the use of AI, Surveillance and through AI Technology Development. In the case K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, the Supreme Court ruled that the right to privacy is a fundamental right as provided by Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution and Article 21 grants individuals their right to a dignified existence and freedom from unlawful interference with their personal life. In addition, it was determined that the protection of privacy was an integral part of the right to live with dignity. The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that when we refer to the “Right to Life”, it means that every person has the Right to Life and is entitled to live his/her life with dignity; and not just exist but to live with respect, dignity, purpose, and meaning. Collectively, or on a personal basis, we all are at a point of putting “our private information” by granting access to AI Technology. This Research Paper will analyze Right to Privacy and Dignity  as well as the effects of deepfakes on these Rights. The misuse of AI Technology poses a severe risk and may cause many forms of Harm, including right to Privacy and Dignity. Therefore, AI Technology has developed a requirement for all individuals to acknowledge the fundamental rights of Privacy, Autonomy, Integrity and Reputation.

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AI, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION Ms. Surabhi Vinod Daga, Ph.D Student, Adv. Ramkrishnaji Rathi Law College, Ph.D Research Centre, Washim, Affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.36 Artificial Intelligence is rapidly changing the legal world. Earlier, AI was mainly used for office work such as managing files, searching cases, or preparing documents. Today, it is becoming a powerful tool that can assist in legal thinking, predict outcomes of cases, and support decision-making. This transformation is not only changing the legal profession but also influencing society and the future of legal education. Although AI has made legal information easier to access, questions related to justice, fairness, ethics, and human responsibility still remain important. This paper argues that the biggest challenge before law schools is not simply teaching students how to use technology, but preparing them for a future where lawyers and intelligent machines will work together. The study introduces the concept of “Algorithmic Advocacy,” which means lawyers of the future must understand both law and technology. When AI performs research and complex legal analysis, the true value of a lawyer will depend more on human qualities such as ethical judgment, emotional understanding, creativity, and critical thinking. The paper further explains that traditional methods of legal education are no longer enough in the digital age. Future law schools must create practical and interdisciplinary learning spaces where students can work with AI tools, analyse algorithmic bias, and understand the relationship between technology, society, and justice. The study concludes that AI should not be viewed as a replacement for lawyers, but as a partner that can help build a faster, smarter, and more accessible justice system. To achieve this, legal education must evolve with the changing realities of the modern world.

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BEYOND THE BLACK BOX: TRANSPARENCY, EXPLAINABILITY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

BEYOND THE BLACK BOX: TRANSPARENCY, EXPLAINABILITY, AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Tanya Sharma, Assistant Professor, KES Shri Jayantilal H Patel Law College (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.35 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology influencing decision-making processes across diverse sectors, including healthcare, finance, education, employment, law enforcement, and public administration. While AI systems offer significant advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and scalability, many advanced models operate as “black boxes,” producing outputs without providing clear explanations of how decisions are reached. This lack of transparency raises serious ethical, legal, and social concerns, particularly when AI-driven decisions affect fundamental rights, opportunities, and public trust. This paper explores the concept of moving beyond the black box by examining the interconnected principles of transparency, explainability, and accountability in Artificial Intelligence. Transparency refers to the disclosure of information regarding the design, functioning, and data sources of AI systems, while explainability focuses on making AI decisions understandable to users, stakeholders, and regulators. Accountability ensures that individuals, organizations, and developers remain responsible for the outcomes generated by AI technologies. The study analyzes the challenges associated with opaque algorithms, including bias, discrimination, privacy violations, and the difficulty of assigning responsibility for harmful outcomes. Further, the paper reviews emerging regulatory approaches, ethical guidelines, and governance frameworks designed to promote responsible AI development and deployment. It highlights the importance of human oversight, explainable AI techniques, risk assessment mechanisms, and organizational accountability structures in fostering trust and fairness. By integrating ethical principles with technological innovation, the research argues that transparency and explainability are essential prerequisites for meaningful accountability in AI systems. The paper concludes that as AI becomes increasingly embedded in societal decision-making processes, establishing robust mechanisms for transparency, explainability, and accountability is critical to ensuring that technological advancement aligns with democratic values, human rights, and principles of justice. Such measures will be instrumental in building public confidence and promoting the responsible use of Artificial Intelligence in the future.

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REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CORPORATE INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION: ENHANCING CREDITOR RECOVERIES AND DETECTING AVOIDANCE TRANSACTIONS UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016

Volume IV Special Issue I /

REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CORPORATE INSOLVENCY RESOLUTION: ENHANCING CREDITOR RECOVERIES AND DETECTING AVOIDANCE TRANSACTIONS UNDER THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY CODE, 2016 Ms.Pooja Nakul Maniar, Asst. Professor, KES’ Shri Jayantilal Patel Law College, Research Scholar at School of Law Sandip University, Nashik (India) Dr. Roksana Hassanshahi Varashti, Supervisor and Associate professor at School of Law Sandip University, Nashik (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.34 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize legal systems worldwide. Within the sphere of insolvency law, AI offers significant opportunities to improve efficiency, transparency, and decision-making in Corporate Insolvency Resolution Processes (CIRP). The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) was enacted to ensure timely resolution of distressed corporate entities while maximizing asset value and protecting stakeholder interests. However, challenges such as delayed resolution, information asymmetry, fraudulent transactions, and low creditor recoveries continue to impede the effectiveness of the insolvency framework. This paper examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in detecting avoidance transactions, enhancing creditor recoveries, and improving insolvency administration under the IBC. Particular attention is given to preferential transactions, undervalued transactions, extortionate credit transactions, and fraudulent or wrongful trading covered under Sections 43 to 51 and Section 66 of the Code. It further evaluates the legal, ethical, and regulatory implications of AI-assisted decision-making in insolvency proceedings. Through doctrinal and comparative research methodologies, the study analyses international developments in technology-driven insolvency systems and explores the need for a regulatory framework governing the deployment of AI in insolvency resolution. The paper argues that AI can significantly assist Resolution Professionals, Committees of Creditors, and adjudicating authorities by identifying suspicious transactions, improving asset tracing, forecasting recovery outcomes, and reducing procedural inefficiencies. Nevertheless, concerns relating to algorithmic bias, accountability, transparency, data privacy, and liability require careful regulatory intervention. The study concludes by proposing an AI governance framework under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), incorporating human oversight, explainability, auditability, data-security safeguards, and stakeholder grievance mechanisms to ensure responsible adoption of AI technologies within insolvency proceedings while safeguarding due process and stakeholder rights.

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SMART CONTRACTS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN COMMERCIAL LAW: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EMERGING LEGAL CHALLENGES

Volume IV Special Issue I /

SMART CONTRACTS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN COMMERCIAL LAW: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EMERGING LEGAL CHALLENGES Apeksha Sunil Raut, B.Sc.(Micro), LL.B,LL.M,Ph.D. Scholar, Adv. Ramkrishnaji Rathi Law College, Washim, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.33 Technological advancement has significantly transformed commercial transactions through the emergence of smart contracts, blockchain-based systems, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Smart contracts operate through self-executing code deployed on blockchain platforms and automatically perform contractual obligations upon the fulfilment of pre-determined conditions. AI, on the other hand, enhances commercial activity through predictive analysis, automated decision-making, fraud detection, contract management, risk assessment, and data-driven business processes. These technologies have improved speed, transparency, accuracy, and efficiency in commercial dealings. However, their growing use also creates important legal challenges concerning enforceability, consent, liability, jurisdiction, consumer protection, cybersecurity, data privacy, and algorithmic accountability. This paper critically examines the legal implications of smart contracts and AI in commercial law with special reference to India and selected comparative jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. It analyses the applicability of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 to electronic contracts, digital records, and automated commercial transactions. It also considers recent international and domestic developments, including Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, commonly known as the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, India’s AI Governance Guidelines, and the RBI’s FREE-AI framework. The paper finds that existing Indian laws provide partial recognition to electronic contracts and digital records but do not comprehensively address decentralised execution, coding errors, autonomous decision-making, algorithmic opacity, or cross-border dispute resolution. It recommends a technology-neutral statutory framework, sector-specific AI governance standards, stronger cybersecurity and data-protection safeguards, and specialised online dispute-resolution mechanisms to ensure legal certainty, accountability, consumer protection, and responsible technological innovation in commercial law.

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