LIJDLR

Volume IV Special Issue I

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LAW, AND LAW LIBRARIES: LEGAL CHALLENGES, JUDICIAL RESPONSES, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, LAW, AND LAW LIBRARIES: LEGAL CHALLENGES, JUDICIAL RESPONSES, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF LEGAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Dr. Shweta Vijendra Pathak, Librarian, KES’ Shri. Jayantilal H. Patel Law College Kandivli, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.32 The growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has substantially transformed the legal information landscape by reshaping the manner in which legal professionals, researchers, courts, and law libraries locate, organise, verify, and interpret legal materials. AI-enabled tools are increasingly used for legal research, document review, information retrieval, contract analysis, citation assistance, and data-driven legal analysis. While these technologies improve speed, accessibility, and efficiency, they also raise serious concerns regarding reliability, transparency, accountability, data privacy, professional ethics, and the authenticity of legal authorities. This paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach to examine the interface between Artificial Intelligence, legal institutions, and law libraries, with particular emphasis on the legal and ethical challenges arising from AI-assisted research and information-management systems. It analyses the changing role of law libraries as digital knowledge centres responsible for source verification, AI literacy, database curation, and ethical guidance. The paper further surveys Indian and international judicial responses to AI misuse, including decisions concerning AI-generated false citations, non-existent precedents, and the limits of AI authorship and inventorship. The discussion includes Indian judicial developments on hallucinated case law, as well as international decisions such as Thaler v. Vidal, Thaler v. Perlmutter, and Mata v. Avianca, which illustrate judicial insistence on human responsibility, verification, and professional accountability. These authorities remain directly relevant to the manuscript’s theme, as courts have treated unverified AI-generated legal material as a serious threat to adjudicatory integrity. The study finds that AI should function as an assistive tool rather than a substitute for legal judgment. It recommends human oversight, institutional AI-use guidelines, privacy safeguards, ethical training, and stronger verification practices within law libraries and legal institutions.

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THE DANGLING SWORD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INFRASTRUCTURE ON HUMAN RIGHTS

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THE DANGLING SWORD OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INFRASTRUCTURE ON HUMAN RIGHTS Ms. Maitreyee Sanjay Raut, Assistant Professor, KES Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.31 Artificial Intelligence has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies of the twenty-first century, influencing sectors such as education, agriculture, healthcare, law enforcement, traffic regulation and public administration. However, the rapid growth of AI is not merely a digital phenomenon; it is supported by large-scale physical infrastructure in the form of data centres. These data centres generate substantial heat and require continuous cooling, often through the use of clean freshwater. This raises a serious research problem: whether the increasing dependence on AI infrastructure is placing disproportionate pressure on scarce natural resources, particularly potable water and electricity, and whether such pressure may affect the enjoyment of basic human rights. This paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical research methodology, relying upon research papers, reports, articles, legal instruments and authoritative human-rights sources. It analyses the relationship between AI infrastructure, water consumption, electricity demand, fossil-fuel dependence, environmental degradation and corporate accountability. The paper finds that unchecked expansion of AI data centres may affect the right to safe and clean drinking water, the right to health, the right to information and the right of local communities to participate in decisions that affect their resources. It further argues that technological development cannot be treated as sustainable merely because it is innovative. The paper recommends mandatory human-rights and environmental impact assessments, greater transparency in corporate water and energy usage, public participation in approval processes, adoption of sustainable cooling technologies, and stronger State regulation. It concludes that AI development must be balanced with ecological responsibility and human-rights protection.

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AI AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Mansi Sunil Narvekar, SY LLM, Business Law, KES JP Law College (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.30 Artificial intelligence has transformed the digital economy by enabling the autonomous and semi-autonomous generation of creative works, technical solutions, and data-driven outputs. This rapid development has created significant challenges for existing intellectual property rights frameworks, particularly in relation to ownership, authorship, inventorship, protection, infringement, and enforcement. In the Indian context, the growing use of AI in software, pharmaceuticals, media, education, finance, and creative industries has made it necessary to reassess whether present intellectual property laws are capable of addressing AI-generated works and inventions. This paper examines the relationship between artificial intelligence and intellectual property rights with specific reference to copyright, patent, trademark, and trade secret regimes. It analyses the Copyright Act, 1957 and the Patents Act, 1970, and evaluates their adequacy in dealing with AI-created outputs. The study further considers the human-authorship and human-inventorship requirements reflected in Indian intellectual property law and case law, including Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak, R.G. Anand v. Deluxe Films, and Tech Plus Media Pvt. Ltd. v. Jyoti Janda. It also addresses recent Indian developments such as the RAGHAV/SURYAST Copyright Office episode and ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v. OpenAI OpCo LLC, where the Delhi High Court considered copyright issues arising from the use of protected material for training large language models. The paper discusses whether AI-generated outputs should receive intellectual property protection, who should be recognised as the rightful owner, and how liability should be determined when AI systems produce infringing or unauthorised content. It argues that AI should not presently be treated as an independent author or inventor, but that human users may claim protection where sufficient creative control is exercised. The paper concludes that India requires clearer statutory standards, transparent attribution rules, and balanced liability mechanisms to encourage innovation while safeguarding human creativity and public interest.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH: UNDERSTANDING ‘RIGHT TO LIFE’ IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MENTAL HEALTH: UNDERSTANDING ‘RIGHT TO LIFE’ IN THE DIGITAL AGE Manjusha Bhenwal, Assistant Professor, KES Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.29 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an important feature of contemporary life, including communication, healthcare, education, administration and social interaction. In healthcare, AI-assisted diagnosis, virtual counselling, behavioural analysis and mental-health applications may improve access, affordability and early identification of psychological concerns, particularly in India, where mental-health care continues to face social stigma and infrastructural limitations. However, increasing reliance on AI-driven systems has also generated serious concerns relating to psychological vulnerability, autonomy, privacy and human dignity. Algorithmic social media, targeted advertising, addictive interface design, behavioural surveillance and emotional profiling may influence choices, reduce attention spans, weaken social engagement and aggravate anxiety, loneliness and overdependence on technology. This paper critically examines the relationship between Artificial Intelligence and mental health in light of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Relying on Sukdeb Saha v. State of Andhra Pradesh, where the Supreme Court recognised mental health as an integral component of the right to life and dignity, the paper argues that the psychological impact of AI must be treated not merely as a technological or public-health issue, but also as a constitutional concern. The study adopts a doctrinal and interdisciplinary approach to analyse the benefits, risks, opportunities and legal challenges arising from the use of AI in mental-health contexts. It further considers how AI-mediated decision-making, data processing and digital dependence may affect individual liberty and psychological well-being. It concludes that AI can strengthen mental-health support and healthcare delivery only when its development and deployment are guided by dignity, privacy, autonomy, accountability, human oversight and protection of fundamental rights.

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DIGITAL DATA PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

DIGITAL DATA PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Deepti Prakash Singh, Research scholar in the Faculty of Law, University of Allahabad (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.28 In this AI-driven world, with the consistent growth of digital information, data privacy has become a critical concern for individuals because personal data has become a new currency in this digitally interconnected world. This article explores common threats, vulnerabilities, and challenges relating to data protection and examines how the rapid development of artificial intelligence has transformed data-processing capabilities. Key principles such as data minimisation, express consent, transparency, accountability, and lawful processing are discussed. Further, this article focuses on digital governance in India with reference to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Its objective is to examine how the law seeks to protect digital personal data with legal clarity and to ensure fair, lawful, and transparent processing. It also discusses the Act’s overall impact on individuals and industries, and how it helps encourage stronger privacy norms to boost digital trust. The paper finds that India’s data-protection framework is a significant legislative step, but its effectiveness depends on clear enforcement, institutional independence, user awareness, and responsible AI governance. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of maintaining harmony between innovation, privacy, transparency, and legitimate state functions to establish strong rights. Strict penalties and a responsible digital regulator are essential to strengthening the digital future. However, regardless of several preventive laws and measures, users of digital services must possess adequate digital awareness and literacy to understand cyber risks and support informed decision-making. Hence, data privacy and responsibility in AI development are among the most important pillars of sustainable digital growth.

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AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION Adv. Uchita G. Barve, 3rd Semester S. Y. LLM Student at Kes College of Law, University of Mumbai, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.27 The rapid evolution of technology has profoundly transformed modern life, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as one of the most influential technological developments. By processing vast datasets, predicting outcomes, and assisting decision-making, AI enhances efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. While these advancements promote social and economic development, they also raise significant human rights concerns. The widespread use of AI introduces challenges such as privacy violations, mass surveillance, algorithmic bias, job displacement, cybercrime, and the misuse of deepfakes. Vulnerable groups, particularly women and children, face increased risks of online exploitation, harassment, and non-consensual content. These concerns necessitate a careful evaluation of whether existing legal frameworks are sufficient to regulate AI without hindering innovation. AI tools like ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Google Translate have transformed and reshaped education, workplaces, healthcare, and governance. Innovations such as virtual court hearings and telemedicine have improved accessibility and efficiency. However, in medical and judicial contexts, AI may also threaten professional autonomy and human judgment. Despite its benefits, AI poses risks such as overreliance, reduced physical activity, and threats to employment. For instance, large-scale automation in countries like China has reduced reliance on human labour. Additionally, AI’s ability to access and misuse personal data, including through platforms like Google Photos, raises serious concerns about privacy and dignity. In India, initiatives such as Bhashini, Kisan E-Mitra, and Aarogya Setu demonstrate AI’s positive impact. However, robust legal and ethical frameworks are essential to ensure that AI development aligns with human rights principles, safeguarding dignity, equality, and freedom. This paper examines the intersection of AI and human rights in India. It evaluates AI’s impact on privacy, equality, dignity, and freedom of expression, reviews national and international legal frameworks, and highlights the urgent need for ethical governance and balanced regulation.

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AI AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: AUTHORSHIP & OWNERSHIP IN AI-GENERATED WORKS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: AUTHORSHIP & OWNERSHIP IN AI-GENERATED WORKS Ishika, 2nd Year, BA LLB Student at Christ (Deemed to be University) Delhi NCR (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.26 The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence has placed significant pressure on the traditional copyright concepts of authorship, originality, and ownership. Copyright law has historically proceeded on the assumption that creative expression is the product of human intellect, intention, and judgment. However, modern AI systems can now generate literary, artistic, musical, and software works with limited or no direct human involvement, raising difficult questions about whether such outputs can be protected and who, if anyone, should be recognised as their owner. This paper examines whether existing copyright doctrine can accommodate AI-generated works, particularly within the Indian legal framework. It analyses the human-centric foundations of authorship and originality, including standards such as “skill and judgment” and the “modicum of creativity,” and evaluates the limitations of user-centric, programmer-centric, and platform-centric ownership models. The paper argues that treating AI as an author would undermine the conceptual basis of copyright law, while leaving commercially valuable AI-generated outputs entirely unprotected may weaken incentives for technological innovation. It therefore proposes a limited, non-personhood-based sui generis protection framework grounded in human control, economic investment, and accountability. In the Indian context, where the Copyright Act, 1957 does not expressly address autonomous AI-generated works and Section 2(d) remains dependent on identifiable human agency, targeted statutory reform is necessary. The paper concludes that a control-based sui generis model would provide legal certainty and balanced protection without diluting the human-centric foundations of copyright law.

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AI, SOCIETY, AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION

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AI, SOCIETY, AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION Dr. Rajesh Anant Sakhare, Principal, Agnel School of Law, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, University of Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.25 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most revolutionary technological developments of the twenty-first century. It has transformed governance, commerce, healthcare, education, and legal systems across the world. The legal profession and legal education are experiencing rapid transformation due to advancements in machine learning, legal analytics, automation, online dispute resolution, and digital governance systems. This research paper critically examines the relationship between AI, society, and the future of legal education. It analyzes the growing role of AI in legal research, judicial administration, legal practice, and legal pedagogy. The paper further explores how AI-driven technologies improve access to justice, efficiency in legal services, personalized legal education, and digital legal learning. Simultaneously, it highlights significant concerns relating to privacy, surveillance, algorithmic bias, accountability, transparency, and ethical governance. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach to examine emerging legal, ethical, and educational challenges. The study argues that traditional legal education models based solely on doctrinal teaching and classroom lectures are inadequate in preparing future legal professionals for a technology-driven legal environment. Therefore, law schools and universities must adopt interdisciplinary and skill-oriented curricula integrating law, technology, cyber law, AI ethics, data protection, and digital governance. The paper also discusses challenges faced by Indian legal education institutions, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of faculty training, and digital inequality. It concludes that although AI cannot replace human judgment, constitutional morality, and ethical reasoning, it can significantly strengthen legal systems and legal education when integrated responsibly and ethically. The future of legal education depends on balancing technological innovation with justice, democracy, equality, and human rights.

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HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MODERN DEMOCRACIES

Volume IV Special Issue I /

HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MODERN DEMOCRACIES Dr. Sukdeo Ingale, Asst. Professor, Department of Law, Vishwakarma University, Pune (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.24 Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has the potential to transform governance, law enforcement, public administration and access to justice. While existing scholarship has largely emphasized risks such as privacy violations, algorithmic bias, mass surveillance, intellectual property concerns, automated profiling and exclusion, there is increasing recognition that AI can also be deployed as a tool for the protection and promotion of human rights. This paper undertakes a comparative legal study of selected modern democracies, namely the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and India, to examine how AI-based systems are being used or regulated in relation to human rights enforcement. The study adopts a doctrinal and comparative methodology, relying on legal instruments, policy frameworks, judicial developments and scholarly literature to analyse AI applications in access to justice, equality, non-discrimination, welfare delivery, transparency and humanitarian response. The paper further examines challenges arising from AI deployment, including algorithmic bias, lack of transparency and explainability, fragmented regulation, digital divide and inadequate remedies for AI-generated harms. It recommends mandatory human rights impact assessments, explainable and accountable AI systems, effective grievance redressal mechanisms, inclusive public consultation, human supervision in consequential decisions, protection of vulnerable groups and stronger international cooperation on AI governance. These recommendations are directed towards ensuring that innovation does not weaken constitutional values, democratic accountability or substantive equality. The central argument of the paper is that AI has significant potential to advance human rights, but its effectiveness depends upon a suitable rights-based legal framework, transparent governance norms, ethical design, institutional accountability and meaningful human oversight wherever rights and liberties are affected.

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AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP IN AI GENERATED WORKS: RETHINKING COPYRIGHT IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP IN AI GENERATED WORKS: RETHINKING COPYRIGHT IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Zhil Manek, 10th Semester B.A.LL.B Student at MKES College of Law, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.23 “The growing use of artificial intelligence as a creative tool has introduced significant challenges for copyright law, which has historically been based on the idea of human authorship. Today, AI systems are capable of producing literary, artistic, and technical works with limited human involvement. This development raises questions about how traditional copyright concepts such as originality, authorship, and ownership should apply to AI-generated content. Existing copyright laws were not drafted with such technologies in mind, leading to uncertainty and gaps in legal regulation. This paper examines the issue of authorship and ownership in AI-generated works and considers whether current copyright frameworks are capable of addressing creations produced with the assistance of artificial intelligence. It analyses key questions surrounding AI-generated content, including whether artificial intelligence can be regarded as an author, whether copyright ownership should be granted to AI developers, and whether user-provided input or prompts amount to sufficient creative contribution. The paper argues that recognising artificial intelligence as an author is incompatible with the fundamental objectives of copyright law, which are designed to protect human creativity and expression. It further suggests that granting ownership where there is little or no human creative control may disturb the balance between encouraging innovation and safeguarding public interest. The analysis emphasises the need for a legal approach that takes into account different levels of human involvement in AI-assisted creation. The paper concludes that copyright law must evolve through carefully tailored frameworks that respond to technological change while continuing to maintain its human-centred foundation, particularly through clearer standards for human control, lawful training data, and limited statutory reform.

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