LIJDLR

Volume IV Special Issue I

AI, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION Radhika Dave, 2nd Semester, LLM Student at KES LAW COLLEGE (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.22 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming society, legal practice and legal education by changing how information is produced, analysed and applied in decision-making. This paper examines the relationship between AI, society and the future of legal education, with specific focus on the skills and institutional reforms required for lawyers in a technology-driven legal environment. The objective of the paper is to analyse the social and professional impact of AI, identify concerns relating to privacy, bias, transparency, accountability and professional ethics, and recommend reforms for legal education. The paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology, relying on secondary sources, legal scholarship, policy developments and contemporary regulatory materials. It finds that AI can improve legal research, contract review, compliance, litigation management and dispute resolution, but its use also creates risks of data misuse, discriminatory outcomes and unverified legal outputs. In the Indian context, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 make data protection literacy especially important for future lawyers. Similarly, the Supreme Court’s ruling in Pooja Ramesh Singh v. Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd., 2026 INSC 668, concerning AI-generated fake precedents, demonstrates the need for human verification and professional accountability. The paper recommends that law schools integrate AI and law, data protection, cybersecurity, legal technology, interdisciplinary learning, practical training and ethical reasoning into the curriculum. It concludes that legal education must not merely train students to use technology, but must prepare them to evaluate, regulate and govern AI consistently with justice, dignity and the rule of law.

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COPYRIGHT CAPTURE IN THE AI AGE: BIG TECH, ACADEMIC PAYWALLS, AND THE TRIPS DILEMMA

Volume IV Special Issue I /

COPYRIGHT CAPTURE IN THE AI AGE: BIG TECH, ACADEMIC PAYWALLS, AND THE TRIPS DILEMMA Mahavir Mandot, Research Scholar, Faculty of Legal Studies, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (India) Dr. Renupal Sood, LLM (Business Law), Faculty of Legal Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.21 The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models and generative AI systems, has transformed the production, dissemination, and commercial use of knowledge in the digital era. These systems rely on vast datasets drawn from books, research articles, websites, and other digital materials, many of which may be protected by copyright. While such datasets have enabled technological innovation, they have also raised serious legal and ethical concerns regarding authorization, compensation, ownership of training data, and the commercialization of intellectual works. This paper examines the phenomenon of “copyright capture,” whereby large technology corporations derive economic value from copyrighted materials through AI training without clearly defined licensing or benefit-sharing mechanisms. The issue is intensified by the dominance of companies possessing the infrastructure, computational capacity, and financial resources required to develop large-scale AI models. At the same time, academic publishers continue to restrict access to scholarly literature through subscription-based paywalls, creating a paradox in which AI systems may process knowledge that remains inaccessible to many human researchers, particularly in developing countries and under-resourced academic institutions. Using a doctrinal legal research methodology, the paper analyses copyright principles, academic publishing practices, the TRIPS Agreement, and emerging AI governance developments. It argues that existing international copyright regimes inadequately address AI training datasets, automated data extraction, and AI-generated outputs. The paper concludes that transparent data governance, fair licensing frameworks, stronger open access policies, and coordinated international cooperation are necessary to balance technological innovation with creators’ rights and equitable access to knowledge in the AI age.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONTRACT FORMATION: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONTRACT FORMATION: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS Ms. Priyanka Arvind Khakhadia, Assistant Professor, KES’ Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College, Kandivali (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.20 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly significant instrument in modern commercial contracting. Businesses now deploy AI-enabled systems to analyse market data, communicate with customers, generate contractual terms, automate acceptance, manage procurement, and execute transactions with limited human intervention. These developments improve speed and efficiency, but they also challenge contract law, which traditionally assumes that consent, authority, intention, and responsibility can be attributed to legally recognised human or juristic persons. This paper examines the legal implications of AI-assisted contract formation in commercial transactions, with particular focus on consent, agency, authority, attribution, enforceability, and accountability. It adopts a doctrinal and comparative research methodology by analysing the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the Information Technology Act, 2000, and relevant legal developments in the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper considers whether AI systems should be treated as mere technological tools, electronic agents, or autonomous decision-making mechanisms whose actions must nevertheless be attributed to the persons or entities deploying them. The study finds that existing principles of contract law can accommodate many forms of automated contracting, particularly where AI operates within predefined parameters and remains subject to effective human oversight. However, highly autonomous and self-learning systems create uncertainty where outcomes are unexpected, erroneous, or beyond the immediate contemplation of the user. The paper concludes that India should adopt a technology-neutral but accountability-oriented framework that preserves the enforceability of AI-assisted contracts while clearly assigning responsibility to the human and corporate actors who design, deploy, control, and commercially benefit from AI systems.

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CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF AI-DRIVEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Volume IV Special Issue I /

CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF AI-DRIVEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Dr. Deepanshi Dahiya Chandarana, Dr.Deepanshi Dahiya Chandarana,Assistant Professor,KES Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College (India) Adv. Harjas Pratap Singh Anand, Advocate at Delhi High Court (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.19 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed the way consumers interact with products and services. From personalized recommendations on e-commerce platforms to AI-powered chatbots, virtual assistants, automated financial services, and smart devices, AI has become deeply embedded in everyday consumer experiences. While these technological advancements offer greater convenience, efficiency, and personalization, they also raise important concerns regarding consumer rights and protection. The increasing reliance on AI-driven systems has given rise to several challenges, including algorithmic bias, lack of transparency in decision-making, misuse of personal data, targeted manipulation of consumer behaviour, and difficulties in determining liability when harm occurs. Traditional consumer protection laws were primarily designed for human-driven transactions and may not adequately address the unique risks posed by autonomous and data-intensive technologies. This paper examines the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and consumer protection by analysing the legal and regulatory challenges associated with AI-driven products and services. It explores whether existing consumer protection frameworks are capable of safeguarding consumers in an increasingly automated marketplace and evaluates emerging regulatory approaches adopted across different jurisdictions. The paper further highlights the need for greater transparency, accountability, data protection, and effective redress mechanisms to ensure that technological innovation does not come at the cost of consumer rights. Despite growing scholarship on AI governance and data privacy, limited attention has been devoted to examining consumer protection concerns arising specifically from AI-driven products and services. This paper seeks to address this gap by evaluating the adequacy of existing consumer protection frameworks in the context of emerging AI technologies. The study concludes that while AI has the potential to significantly enhance consumer welfare, its responsible deployment requires a robust and adaptive legal framework that balances innovation with fairness, trust, and consumer protection in the digital age.

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LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Sanjay Anjana Damodare, 3rd Semester, Criminal Law & Criminal Administration Student at Kes’ Shri. Jayantilal H.Patel LawCollege (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.18 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being adopted in India across sectors such as governance, law enforcement, welfare administration, and the justice delivery system. While AI offers efficiency and improved decision-making, its growing use raises serious concerns regarding the protection of human rights in the Indian context. This paper examines the impact of AI technologies on fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India, particularly the rights to equality, freedom, privacy, and life and personal liberty under Articles 14, 19, and 21.  The study focuses on the use of AI-driven tools such as facial recognition systems, predictive policing, biometric identification, and automated decision-making in public administration. It highlights the risks of algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, mass surveillance, and exclusion of vulnerable and marginalised groups. The research adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology, relying on constitutional provisions, judicial precedents, policy documents, and international human rights standards to assess AI-related rights implications. These concerns are analysed in light of Indian constitutional jurisprudence, with specific reference to the Supreme Court’s decision in Retired Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, which recognised the right to privacy as a fundamental right and developed the proportionality framework for evaluating State action affecting privacy. The paper also examines India’s emerging legal and policy framework, including the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and governmental initiatives on responsible AI. It argues that existing safeguards remain inadequate to fully address the human rights challenges posed by AI technologies. The paper concludes by emphasising the need for a human right–based regulatory framework that incorporates principles of transparency, accountability, proportionality, and human oversight, ensuring that the use of AI in India aligns with constitutional values and democratic governance.

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IMPACT OF LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN MSMES OF RAIGAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Volume IV Special Issue I /

IMPACT OF LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN MSMES OF RAIGAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA Mr. Riyaz Nawabullah Pathan, Research Scholar, Pillai College of Arts, Commerce & Science (Autonomous) Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra (India) Dr. Farhat Fatma Mumtaz Husain Shaikh, Assistant Professor, Pillai College of Arts, Commerce & Science (Autonomous) Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.17 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are widely regarded as an important segment of the Indian economy because of their contribution to employment generation, industrial production, exports, and regional development. Efficient Working Capital Management (WCM) is particularly significant for MSMEs, as they largely depend on short-term funds for managing cash, inventory, receivables, payables, and day-to-day operational requirements. In recent years, legal reforms and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital financial technologies have influenced the working capital practices of MSMEs. This study examines the impact of law and AI on working capital management of MSMEs in Raigad District, Maharashtra. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 MSME owners and managers through a structured questionnaire, supported by secondary data from journals, government reports, statutory materials, and official publications. Simple statistical tools such as percentage analysis, tabulation, and comparison have been used for analysis. The findings show that 62% of MSMEs surveyed are aware of legal provisions such as the MSME Act and GST laws, while 38% still lack such awareness. Further, 75% of respondents reported that GST has a high to moderate impact on working capital due to advance tax payments and delays in input tax credit. The study also finds that 48% of MSMEs have adopted AI-based or digital tools, mainly for cash-flow forecasting, inventory management, and receivables control, while 52% have not yet adopted such tools. The distinct contribution of this study lies in examining the combined effect of legal regulation and AI adoption on MSME working capital at the district level, with specific reference to Raigad. The study concludes that legal awareness, timely compliance, and gradual adoption of AI-based financial tools can improve liquidity, reduce receivable delays, and strengthen the long-term sustainability of MSMEs.

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ENTANGLED THREADS: FORGING DATA PRIVACY, CYBERSECURITY, AND AI GOVERNANCE IN INDIA’S ALGORITHMIC FRONTIER

Volume IV Special Issue I /

ENTANGLED THREADS: FORGING DATA PRIVACY, CYBERSECURITY, AND AI GOVERNANCE IN INDIA’S ALGORITHMIC FRONTIER Viraj Tupe, 2nd Semester LLB Student at MGM University, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.16 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has developed at a very fast rate, and this has significantly changed the way governance, commerce, healthcare, and judicial administration in India take place. Although AI-powered technologies are likely to provide organizations with efficiency, innovation, and economic benefits, they also give rise to sophisticated legal issues related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and regulatory responsibility. This paper presents a critical evaluation of the evolving framework of AI governance in India, particularly examining how data protection and cyber resilience intersect and are governed within an ethical and legal context. It examines the AI Governance Guidelines issued on 5 November 2025 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) under the IndiaAI Mission, and evaluates their effectiveness vis-à-vis binding legal regimes such as the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and the Information Technology Act, 2000. The paper identifies key concerns arising from voluntary compliance models, algorithmic opacity, cross-border data transfers, and emerging cyber threats such as deepfakes and adversarial attacks. Drawing upon constitutional principles under Article 21 and the evolution of judicial thought, including the White Paper on Artificial Intelligence and the Judiciary (2025) prepared by the Centre for Research and Planning (CRP) of the Supreme Court of India, the study examines how AI governance can establish a balance between technological innovation and the protection of fundamental rights. A comparative analysis of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act and the federal approach of the United States is used to derive insights relevant to India’s plural and socio-economically diverse context. The paper concludes by proposing specific legal reforms aimed at enhancing enforceability, accountability, and inclusivity in artificial intelligence regulation, thereby contributing to India’s vision of innovation-oriented development in pursuit of Viksit Bharat.

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CRIMINAL ATTRIBUTES EMERGING FROM CRIME MAPPING: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

CRIMINAL ATTRIBUTES EMERGING FROM CRIME MAPPING: A HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE Sri Meena S, 4th semester B. A. L. L. B Student at government law college, Madurai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.15 In the 21st century, the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) on employment, public services, surveillance significantly developed the socio-economic landscape. At the International level, cases such as the Dutch child benefits scandal and the use of the crime mapping in U.S. courts reveal serious governance failures in algorithmic decision-making. In the Indian context, the deployment of the CMAPS by the Delhi Police in the Jahangirpuri area has raised significant human rights concerns. The use of facial recognition technology has contributed to disproportionate arrests of Dalits and Muslims. In further, discriminatory recruitment algorithms in industrial AI applications such as Amazon’s hiring system, underscore issues of privacy violations, algorithmic bias, and unfair attribution. All these incidents are given clear picture about the violation of AI driven crime mapping in International and national human rights regime. Indian Constitution guarantees the human rights to protect the marginalized people from unfairness, discrimination, deprivation. From an ethical perspective, AI decision-making must be grounded in transparency, accountability, human dignity rather than merely technical preference. Through the analytical, multi-disciplinary, philosophical and humanitarian approaches, paper examines how AI governance must be anchored in ethical obligations and universal principles, highlights the requirement of human supervision on AI, challenges posed by AI-driven criminal attribution due to legal vacuum. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes that true development lies in restoring the public trust, safeguarding human rights and ensuring the remedial justice (ubi jus ibi remedium). Finally, the paper proposes remedial measures including technical safeguards, curriculum reform through awareness, and the formulation of strategic policy guidelines for effective governance.

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AI AND LIABILITY IN LEGAL SYSTEMS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI AND LIABILITY IN LEGAL SYSTEMS Jinal Suresh Thakur, 3rd Semester, LL.M (Business Law), Student at KES’ Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.14 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the functioning of legal systems by assisting in legal research, document review, predictive analysis, administrative decision-making, and other professional tasks. While these technologies improve efficiency, reduce costs, and support faster decision-making, they also raise complex questions of legal accountability when an AI system causes harm. This paper examines the central issue of liability for AI-related harm under Indian law, particularly whether responsibility should rest with developers, manufacturers, deployers, users, or, in limited theoretical discussions, the AI system itself. It analyses the application and limitations of existing legal principles, including criminal liability, civil liability, negligence, product liability, absolute liability, and vicarious liability. The paper also evaluates whether artificial intelligence can be recognised as a legal person under Indian law and explains why the absence of intent, conscience, and moral judgment makes such recognition difficult within the current legal framework. The study adopts a doctrinal and comparative approach by examining Indian statutes, case law, scholarly writings, and international developments, particularly the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, 2024. It argues that existing Indian laws, including the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, were primarily designed for human conduct and conventional products, and therefore do not adequately address autonomous or algorithmic decision-making. The paper recommends that India enact a dedicated AI liability framework, amend consumer protection law to cover AI-enabled goods and services, introduce certification and oversight mechanisms for high-risk AI systems, and develop compensation models for serious AI-caused harm. Such reforms are necessary to protect victims, ensure accountability, and promote responsible innovation.

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ALGORITHMS OPERATE AS CRIMINAL ARCHITECTS: EXAMINING THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF AI-ENABLED ORGANIZED CRIME

Volume IV Special Issue I /

ALGORITHMS OPERATE AS CRIMINAL ARCHITECTS: EXAMINING THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF AI-ENABLED ORGANIZED CRIME Gurjit Kaur, 1st Year,LL.M. (Criminal Law) Student at Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar, Punjab (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.13 As technology advances, particularly in the area of artificial intelligence, organised crime has grown to be one of the world’s most urgent problems, impacting many nations. Due to the internet’s worldwide accessibility, illicit activity has been on the rise in the digital society. In particular, artificial intelligence (AI) poses a serious risk to the public and has led to an increase in organised crime. In addition, application of revolutionary technology is unlawful and poses significant threat to the stability of our society and global security. Critical groups are now applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) to support fraudulent transactions to engage in cybercrime by hacking and employing more sophisticated methods like deep fakes to blackmail individuals. As well, they are spreading disinformation and carrying out massive cyberattacks. In the current study, the researchers will examine the way criminal groups are employing the AI-based algorithms to design and organize illegal actions to make profits. There are also notable legal issues that have arisen as a result of the digital transformation, such as the issue of establishing mens rea where criminal organizations have performed crimes through the application of AI technologies, and the issue of AI algorithms being criminal masterminds. This paper dwells on the ethical problems that are related to algorithm-based decisions and examines the inadequacies of the existing legal system in responding to these problems. This research study determines the reason behind the need to have a strict legislative solution to address not only the problem of accountability but also the ethical issue. In conclusion, the paper finds that it is extremely important that a detailed legislative framework, a stronger regulatory framework, and international co-operation would help to effectively address the problems generated by Artificial Intelligence and its impact on organised crime.

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