LIJDLR

Artificial Intelligence

CRIMINAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR AI: MENS REA, ACTUS REUS, AND THE CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

Volume III Issue I /

CRIMINAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR AI: MENS REA, ACTUS REUS, AND THE CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS Akanksha Priya,Pursuing LLM in Criminal Law from Amity University, Batch 2024-2025 Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2024.v03.13 Criminal accountability for harms caused by artificial intelligence systems presents profound challenges for traditional legal frameworks. The mens rea and actus reus pillars of Indian criminal jurisprudence face conceptual strains when applied to algorithmic decision-making. AI systems lack human-like mental states and discrete physical acts that form the foundation of criminal culpability. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and other Indian laws inadequately address these accountability gaps. This article examines the conceptual and practical obstacles to AI criminal liability under current Indian legal frameworks. It analyzes relevant provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and identifies their limitations in AI contexts. The article explores comparative regulatory approaches from the European Union, United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, and other jurisdictions. The article concludes by proposing legal and policy recommendations for India to address AI criminal accountability challenges. These include establishing AI-specific legislation, incorporating risk-based obligations, mandating human oversight for high-risk applications, and developing specialized enforcement capacities. The article emphasizes the urgent need for Indian legal frameworks to evolve beyond anthropocentric paradigms and accommodate the distinctive characteristics of artificial intelligence. Only through such evolution can India establish effective and legitimate mechanisms for attributing criminal responsibility when AI systems cause harm. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume III, Issue I, Page 273-303. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. © Authors, 2024

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BEACONING THE ETHICAL AND LEGAL COMPLEXITIES OF AI REGULATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN INDIA AND CHINA

Volume II Issue IV /

BEACONING THE ETHICAL AND LEGAL COMPLEXITIES OF AI REGULATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN INDIA AND CHINA Sadaf Khan, Student at Government New Law College, Indore Puneet Sharma, Student at Government New Law College, Indore Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2024.v02.62 The relatively quick development of artificial intelligence (AI) has generated discussions about the advantages and disadvantages of this technology on a global scale. In a subsequent warning, the UN Secretary-General acknowledged that the “runaway development of AI without safety barriers” posed an “existential threat” that, if unchecked, could intensify global inequality.[1] This demonstrates the pressing need for strong governance frameworks to guarantee that the advancement of AI reduces risks while promoting societal benefits. China and India are two new AI research and development superpowers with different regulatory strategies influenced by their respective sociopolitical, cultural, and economic environments. India has taken a cautious and well-rounded approach to regulating AI, seeking to promote innovation while tackling moral issues like data security and privacy. Programs such as the National AI Strategy by NITI and the Digital India initiative. In order to promote innovation while addressing ethical concerns like privacy and data security, India has taken a watchful and well-rounded approach to AI regulation. Initiatives such as the Personal Data Protection Bill, the Digital India program, and NITI Aayog’s National AI Strategy clearly show India’s dedication to establishing a regulatory framework that protects individual rights while fostering the development of AI. Issues like poor infrastructure, a lack of funding, and a lack of digital literacy continue to be major obstacles to India’s full AI potential. China, on the other hand, has adopted a more persuasive, state-driven strategy and roadmap to become the world leader in AI technology by 2030. Prioritizing national security, the Chinese government has created thorough regulatory frameworks, such as the Deep Synthesis Provisions and the Generative AI Measures. The ethical repercussions of AI, algorithmic bias, and the potential for AI to fundamentally alter labor markets and worsen societal issues are among the challenges that both nations face, despite having clearly different regulatory frameworks. In order to ensure the ethical, responsible, and inclusive development of AI globally, this paper examines the regulatory differences between China and India and makes the case that international cooperation and the creation of sustained, accommodating governance frameworks are pivotal. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume II, Issue IV, Page 415-440. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. © Authors, 2024

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CAN ALGORITHMS BE PATENTED? THE BATTLE BETWEEN TECH GIANTS

Volume II Issue IV /

CAN ALGORITHMS BE PATENTED? THE BATTLE BETWEEN TECH GIANTS Upasna Upadhyay, 9th Semester, Student at Dr.Rizvi College of Law. Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2024.v02.50 Significant changes in a variety of industries are being driven by algorithms, which are at the heart of advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and emerging technologies. However, their enormous worth is frequently contrasted with difficulties in intellectual property law, especially when it comes to figuring out if they qualify for patent protection. Algorithms are crucial in forming economies, civilizations, and industries in the current era of technological progress. Algorithms provide the foundation of numerous revolutionary technologies, ranging from financial applications to artificial intelligence. At the nexus of technology and intellectual property law, the patentability of algorithms is still a controversial topic. As crucial elements of contemporary inventions, algorithms propel developments in finance, artificial intelligence, and other cutting-edge fields. With an emphasis on how international frameworks and pragmatic tactics arc influencing the legal environment around algorithm patentability, this article offers a thorough overview and explores the wider ramifications for competitiveness, creativity, and society. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume II, Issue IV, Page 179-184. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. © Authors, 2024

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AI AND THE LEGAL FRONTIER: BALANCING INNOVATION AND CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume II Issue III /

AI AND THE LEGAL FRONTIER: BALANCING INNOVATION AND CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Md. Jewel Ali, LLM Student at Department of Law, Aliah University, Kolkata Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2024.v02.30 Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the legal profession, bringing significant benefits in efficiency, cost reduction, and access to justice, while also introducing challenges related to employment, legal accountability, and data privacy. AI-powered tools are automating the tasks like legal research, document review, and contract analysis, allowing lawyers to perform these duties faster and more accurately. This automation, however, raises concerns about the future of entry-level legal jobs, as junior lawyers and paralegals traditionally handle much of such labor-intensive work. As AI takes over these tasks, fewer entry-level positions may be required, forcing law firms to reconsider traditional billable-hour models and adapt to a new pricing structure. At the same time, AI is creating new opportunities within the legal field. Lawyers who can manage AI technologies, interpret AI-driven insights, and integrate these tools into legal practice will be in high demand. The profession is likely to see new roles emerge, including AI ethics advisors and legal technologists, reflecting the growing need for expertise in the intersection of law and technology. In conclusion, AI offers transformative potential for the legal profession, streamlining processes, and enhancing access to justice, but it also presents ethical, legal, and practical challenges. Legal professionals who can harness the power of AI while ensuring compliance with legal standards and ethical guidelines will thrive in this new era. However, regulatory frameworks must evolve to adequately address the unique risks posed by AI, ensuring that its benefits are realized without compromising fairness, transparency, or accountability in the legal system. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume II, Issue III, Page 503-526. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN COMBATING SOCIETAL DRUG ABUSE

Volume II Issue I /

TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN COMBATING SOCIETAL DRUG ABUSE Saksham Sharma, B.A. LL.B. (5th year), Khalsa College of Law, Amritsar Sahibpreet Singh, LLM (2023-24), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar Download Manuscript ABSTRACT Drug dependency is a worldwide problem that affects one person along with his kinsmen and neighbors. This essay will examine the complex relationship between drugs and technology and assert that technology can be a puzzle in all of this, as both cause and solution at once. The issue of drug abuse is very alarming across the globe with millions affected every year. India has been grappling with opioid crisis particularly high death rates due to overdose. Among youth also substance use is going up. There are several effects in society including overburdened healthcare systems, increased acts of crime and violence, broken families, economic decline and social disintegration. Technological interventions offer a holistic approach towards addressing this problem. Mobile apps and virtual reality could be interesting educational tools that sensitize people about drugs while still enabling them to conduct self-assessments. Because blockchain technology guarantees transparency along this channel thereby mitigating fraudulence risks connected to fake medications. Artificial Intelligence also assists law enforcement through analyzing data, predicting trends, following the dark web or even identifying potential at risk persons. The potential of quantum computing and genetic profiling to revolutionize drug development and personalized care is promising. The interdisciplinary application of these technologies, coupled with artificial intelligence, signals a hopeful future in the fight against drug addiction. Advocacy for the adoption of these technological advancements and endorsement of innovative solutions will foster a brighter, technology-enhanced future. This will bolster collective efforts to combat drug abuse and protect societal well-being. The legal and academic communities have a crucial role to play in this endeavor, and their active participation is essential for success. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume II, Issue I, Page 29-62. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2024

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THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE LAW

Volume I Issue III /

THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE LAW Priyal Thakor, Law Student, kes’ shri jayantilal h. Patel law college, mumbai, maharashtra Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The article focuses on how technology has fundamentally changed the practice of law, from legal education to actual practice. While enhancing legal services, technology has sped up business dealings and enhanced learning. ICT, or information and communication technology[1], is key to this shift. All facets of the legal profession have been impacted by technology, which has increased productivity, facilitated access to justice, and made work in courts and government organisations easier. In order to meet customer expectations, law firms have realised that offering tech-based services gives them a competitive advantage. In the end, technology encompasses digital and electronic instruments that make it easy to acquire information. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue III, Page 207- 217. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2023 Recent content THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE LAW EQUALITY: EXPLORING TRANSFORMING LAW AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS THE COLLEGIUM VS NJAC DEBATE: ANALYZING INDIA’S JUDICIAL APPOINTMENT SYSTEMS ROLE OF INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Water Rights And Climate Change: An Analysis Of Transboundary Water Conflicts Amidst Environmental Challenges In The Indus Region With Specific Reference To The Indus Waters Treaty Of 1960 Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism In India: Limitations And Recommendations

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN LAW: FROM FICTION TO REALITY

Volume I Issue II /

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN LAW: FROM FICTION TO REALITY Rohit Arora, Advocate, District & Sessions Court, Kurukshetra. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The future has already been created and AI is the future which has the ability to dominate the entire world. The use of AI has already started but without regulations, it will be like playing with fire. AI is the most powerful and risky tool, which was prepared in very less time while it should have taken double or more of it. It is powerful because it can learn and improve itself automatically without human intervention. More questions will be asked from AI powered chatbot or integrated with existing technology, and the more intelligent it becomes, and it is risky because it has the ability to dominate the entire world. Technology is the output of imagination and imagination doesn’t cost anything, but technology does. Today, some AI powered tools are free for everyone which means the data of individuals is a consideration and regulation regarding this is very much needed to secure it. AI can be used in both positive and negative ways, as it totally depends on the user. AI gives more accurate solutions than humans and it has the ability to replace humans, but not completely. The developers of AI are also giving hints about the risks to humans in the future due to this technology. AI can be used in every field and legal field is no exception. Everything is possible with technology and the whole world is witnessing the revolution of the Internet and AI is the next revolution in the tech industry in, so it should be adopted by everyone and used in the best possible way with due care. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue II, Page 131 – 139. Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2023 Recent content ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN LAW: FROM FICTION TO REALITY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TOWARDS MEN: A SOCIOLEGAL ANALYSIS PRESUMPTION IN FAVOUR OF THE RAPE VICTIMS UNDER THE EVIDENCE ACT, 1872: TRACING THE SOCIAL, LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPACT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: ASSESSING AN IMAGINABLY UNIMAGINABLE FUTURE BOOK REVIEW: “BEFORE MEMORY FADES: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY” BY FALI S. NARIMAN UNBORN BENEFICIARIES AND PERPETUITY RULE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SECTION 13 & SECTION 14 IN THE TRANSFER OF THE PROPERTY ACT, 1882

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: ASSESSING AN IMAGINABLY UNIMAGINABLE FUTURE

Volume I Issue II /

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: ASSESSING AN IMAGINABLY UNIMAGINABLE FUTURE Subramanyan H,Student at Delhi Metropolitan Education. Shivamm Kansal,Student at Delhi Metropolitan Education. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a concept that has been in the spotlight ever since the day when Sophia, the first ever globally recognized robot citizen of Saudi Arabia mentioned taking over the world during a programme in April, 2017. Recently it rose to prominence when Elon Musk remarked about AI taking over the world in the coming years. AI notions are undoubtedly alien to the majority of us in today’s society but it can be understood briefly as the process by which it is possible to programme computers to imitate human intellect. Sir Stephen Hawkings once remarked that “it seems probable that once the machine thinking method had started, it would not take long to outstrip our feeble powers. They would be able to converse with each other to sharpen their wits. At some stage, therefore, we should have to expect the machines to take control.” Some believe AI to be extremely helpful since they can relieve the humans from tedious and harmful jobs while others believe that they will take over the human role hence creating lack of jobs resulting in poverty, deaths and other unwarranted causes. Thus, it is crucial to comprehend artificial intelligence (AI), their impact on human existence and how the Constitution of India could be read in the near future in order to incorporate AI. The objective of this Article is also focused on persuading the reader to comprehend the likelihood of robots having “rights” within the next 40 to 50 years. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue II, Page 98 – 106 Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2023 Recent content ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: ASSESSING AN IMAGINABLY UNIMAGINABLE FUTURE BOOK REVIEW: “BEFORE MEMORY FADES: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY” BY FALI S. NARIMAN UNBORN BENEFICIARIES AND PERPETUITY RULE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SECTION 13 & SECTION 14 IN THE TRANSFER OF THE PROPERTY ACT, 1882 PLEA OF ALIBI AND IT’S RELEVANCE IN CRIMINAL TRIALS TURN OF TABLES : AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGALITY OF THE JALLIKATTU PRACTICE LEGAL ASPECTS OF MARRIAGE OF MENTALLY UNSTABLE INDIVIDUALS

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AI ETHICS AND LEGAL COMPLIANCE-THE IMPERATIVE FOR RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION

Volume I Issue II /

AI ETHICS AND LEGAL COMPLIANCE-THE IMPERATIVE FOR RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION Mayank Khichar, Student at National Academy of Legal Studies And Research (NALSAR) University, Hyderabad. Download Manuscript ABSTRACT This research article examines the crucial need for responsible innovation in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and legal compliance. The increasing proliferation of AI-based technologies has raised significant ethical concerns, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and transparency. These ethical issues are further compounded by the rapidly evolving legal landscape governing AI, which lacks a standardized framework for regulation. The article argues that responsible innovation is essential to ensure that AI technologies are developed and implemented ethically and in compliance with legal standards. It provides a comprehensive overview of the ethical and legal challenges associated with AI innovation, as well as the best practices and guidelines for responsible innovation. The article also highlights the importance of collaboration between stakeholders, including policymakers, technologists, and civil society organizations, to promote responsible innovation and ensure that AI technologies are developed and used in a manner that aligns with societal values and legal requirements. Finally, the article concludes by emphasizing the imperative of responsible innovation as a key factor in promoting public trust and acceptance of AI technologies. It calls for a concerted effort by all stakeholders to work together to address the ethical and legal challenges associated with AI and ensure that AI innovation is responsible and beneficial for all. Type Information Research Paper LawFoyer International Journal of Doctrinal Legal Research, Volume I, Issue II, Page 12 – 19 Creative Commons Copyright This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Copyright © LIJDLR 2023 Recent content AI ETHICS AND LEGAL COMPLIANCE-THE IMPERATIVE FOR RESPONSIBLE INNOVATION DRUGS PREVENTION LAWS IN INDIA-A CRITICAL ANALYSIS STATUS OF MID-DAY MEAL SCHEME IN BIHAR ROLE OF INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS IN MAINTAINING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – CRITICAL EVALUATION IMMORAL TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN INDIA​ ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF TRIBUNALISATION IN CONTEMPORARY ERA w.r.t NTT AND NCLT CASE

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STATUS OF MID-DAY MEAL SCHEME IN BIHAR

Volume 1 Issue 1 /

STATUS OF MID-DAY MEAL SCHEME IN BIHAR Purnima Singh, Law student at The ICFAI University, Dehradun Sweety Kumari, Law student at The ICFAI University, Dehradun Download Manuscript ABSTRACT The PM Poshan Programme was introduced by the Government of India in the year 1995 with the objective to provide cooked mid-day meal to school going children and improve their nutritional level. This scheme was introduced in the state of Bihar in the same year. But it seems that the aim of this programme is far to achieve in the state. In this article we will analyse why this scheme has not become a success in Bihar and how this is prejudicially affecting the nutritional status of the children. The article further articulate that what rights were promised to the school going children through this scheme and how these promises remain unfulfilled. Further we will also look whether this scheme stood the test of time during the Covid 19 pandemic.

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