LIJDLR

Artificial Intelligence

AI, SOCIETY, AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI, SOCIETY, AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION Dr. Rajesh Anant Sakhare, Principal, Agnel School of Law, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, University of Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.25 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most revolutionary technological developments of the twenty-first century. It has transformed governance, commerce, healthcare, education, and legal systems across the world. The legal profession and legal education are experiencing rapid transformation due to advancements in machine learning, legal analytics, automation, online dispute resolution, and digital governance systems. This research paper critically examines the relationship between AI, society, and the future of legal education. It analyzes the growing role of AI in legal research, judicial administration, legal practice, and legal pedagogy. The paper further explores how AI-driven technologies improve access to justice, efficiency in legal services, personalized legal education, and digital legal learning. Simultaneously, it highlights significant concerns relating to privacy, surveillance, algorithmic bias, accountability, transparency, and ethical governance. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach to examine emerging legal, ethical, and educational challenges. The study argues that traditional legal education models based solely on doctrinal teaching and classroom lectures are inadequate in preparing future legal professionals for a technology-driven legal environment. Therefore, law schools and universities must adopt interdisciplinary and skill-oriented curricula integrating law, technology, cyber law, AI ethics, data protection, and digital governance. The paper also discusses challenges faced by Indian legal education institutions, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of faculty training, and digital inequality. It concludes that although AI cannot replace human judgment, constitutional morality, and ethical reasoning, it can significantly strengthen legal systems and legal education when integrated responsibly and ethically. The future of legal education depends on balancing technological innovation with justice, democracy, equality, and human rights.

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HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MODERN DEMOCRACIES

Volume IV Special Issue I /

HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MODERN DEMOCRACIES Dr. Sukdeo Ingale, Asst. Professor, Department of Law, Vishwakarma University, Pune (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.24 Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has the potential to transform governance, law enforcement, public administration and access to justice. While existing scholarship has largely emphasized risks such as privacy violations, algorithmic bias, mass surveillance, intellectual property concerns, automated profiling and exclusion, there is increasing recognition that AI can also be deployed as a tool for the protection and promotion of human rights. This paper undertakes a comparative legal study of selected modern democracies, namely the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and India, to examine how AI-based systems are being used or regulated in relation to human rights enforcement. The study adopts a doctrinal and comparative methodology, relying on legal instruments, policy frameworks, judicial developments and scholarly literature to analyse AI applications in access to justice, equality, non-discrimination, welfare delivery, transparency and humanitarian response. The paper further examines challenges arising from AI deployment, including algorithmic bias, lack of transparency and explainability, fragmented regulation, digital divide and inadequate remedies for AI-generated harms. It recommends mandatory human rights impact assessments, explainable and accountable AI systems, effective grievance redressal mechanisms, inclusive public consultation, human supervision in consequential decisions, protection of vulnerable groups and stronger international cooperation on AI governance. These recommendations are directed towards ensuring that innovation does not weaken constitutional values, democratic accountability or substantive equality. The central argument of the paper is that AI has significant potential to advance human rights, but its effectiveness depends upon a suitable rights-based legal framework, transparent governance norms, ethical design, institutional accountability and meaningful human oversight wherever rights and liberties are affected.

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AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP IN AI GENERATED WORKS: RETHINKING COPYRIGHT IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AUTHORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP IN AI GENERATED WORKS: RETHINKING COPYRIGHT IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Zhil Manek, 10th Semester B.A.LL.B Student at MKES College of Law, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.23 “The growing use of artificial intelligence as a creative tool has introduced significant challenges for copyright law, which has historically been based on the idea of human authorship. Today, AI systems are capable of producing literary, artistic, and technical works with limited human involvement. This development raises questions about how traditional copyright concepts such as originality, authorship, and ownership should apply to AI-generated content. Existing copyright laws were not drafted with such technologies in mind, leading to uncertainty and gaps in legal regulation. This paper examines the issue of authorship and ownership in AI-generated works and considers whether current copyright frameworks are capable of addressing creations produced with the assistance of artificial intelligence. It analyses key questions surrounding AI-generated content, including whether artificial intelligence can be regarded as an author, whether copyright ownership should be granted to AI developers, and whether user-provided input or prompts amount to sufficient creative contribution. The paper argues that recognising artificial intelligence as an author is incompatible with the fundamental objectives of copyright law, which are designed to protect human creativity and expression. It further suggests that granting ownership where there is little or no human creative control may disturb the balance between encouraging innovation and safeguarding public interest. The analysis emphasises the need for a legal approach that takes into account different levels of human involvement in AI-assisted creation. The paper concludes that copyright law must evolve through carefully tailored frameworks that respond to technological change while continuing to maintain its human-centred foundation, particularly through clearer standards for human control, lawful training data, and limited statutory reform.

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AI, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI, SOCIETY AND THE FUTURE OF LEGAL EDUCATION Radhika Dave, 2nd Semester, LLM Student at KES LAW COLLEGE (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.22 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming society, legal practice and legal education by changing how information is produced, analysed and applied in decision-making. This paper examines the relationship between AI, society and the future of legal education, with specific focus on the skills and institutional reforms required for lawyers in a technology-driven legal environment. The objective of the paper is to analyse the social and professional impact of AI, identify concerns relating to privacy, bias, transparency, accountability and professional ethics, and recommend reforms for legal education. The paper adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology, relying on secondary sources, legal scholarship, policy developments and contemporary regulatory materials. It finds that AI can improve legal research, contract review, compliance, litigation management and dispute resolution, but its use also creates risks of data misuse, discriminatory outcomes and unverified legal outputs. In the Indian context, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 make data protection literacy especially important for future lawyers. Similarly, the Supreme Court’s ruling in Pooja Ramesh Singh v. Jammu and Kashmir Bank Ltd., 2026 INSC 668, concerning AI-generated fake precedents, demonstrates the need for human verification and professional accountability. The paper recommends that law schools integrate AI and law, data protection, cybersecurity, legal technology, interdisciplinary learning, practical training and ethical reasoning into the curriculum. It concludes that legal education must not merely train students to use technology, but must prepare them to evaluate, regulate and govern AI consistently with justice, dignity and the rule of law.

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COPYRIGHT CAPTURE IN THE AI AGE: BIG TECH, ACADEMIC PAYWALLS, AND THE TRIPS DILEMMA

Volume IV Special Issue I /

COPYRIGHT CAPTURE IN THE AI AGE: BIG TECH, ACADEMIC PAYWALLS, AND THE TRIPS DILEMMA Mahavir Mandot, Research Scholar, Faculty of Legal Studies, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (India) Dr. Renupal Sood, LLM (Business Law), Faculty of Legal Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.21 The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models and generative AI systems, has transformed the production, dissemination, and commercial use of knowledge in the digital era. These systems rely on vast datasets drawn from books, research articles, websites, and other digital materials, many of which may be protected by copyright. While such datasets have enabled technological innovation, they have also raised serious legal and ethical concerns regarding authorization, compensation, ownership of training data, and the commercialization of intellectual works. This paper examines the phenomenon of “copyright capture,” whereby large technology corporations derive economic value from copyrighted materials through AI training without clearly defined licensing or benefit-sharing mechanisms. The issue is intensified by the dominance of companies possessing the infrastructure, computational capacity, and financial resources required to develop large-scale AI models. At the same time, academic publishers continue to restrict access to scholarly literature through subscription-based paywalls, creating a paradox in which AI systems may process knowledge that remains inaccessible to many human researchers, particularly in developing countries and under-resourced academic institutions. Using a doctrinal legal research methodology, the paper analyses copyright principles, academic publishing practices, the TRIPS Agreement, and emerging AI governance developments. It argues that existing international copyright regimes inadequately address AI training datasets, automated data extraction, and AI-generated outputs. The paper concludes that transparent data governance, fair licensing frameworks, stronger open access policies, and coordinated international cooperation are necessary to balance technological innovation with creators’ rights and equitable access to knowledge in the AI age.

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONTRACT FORMATION: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

Volume IV Special Issue I /

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CONTRACT FORMATION: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS Ms. Priyanka Arvind Khakhadia, Assistant Professor, KES’ Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College, Kandivali (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.20 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an increasingly significant instrument in modern commercial contracting. Businesses now deploy AI-enabled systems to analyse market data, communicate with customers, generate contractual terms, automate acceptance, manage procurement, and execute transactions with limited human intervention. These developments improve speed and efficiency, but they also challenge contract law, which traditionally assumes that consent, authority, intention, and responsibility can be attributed to legally recognised human or juristic persons. This paper examines the legal implications of AI-assisted contract formation in commercial transactions, with particular focus on consent, agency, authority, attribution, enforceability, and accountability. It adopts a doctrinal and comparative research methodology by analysing the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the Information Technology Act, 2000, and relevant legal developments in the United Kingdom and the United States. The paper considers whether AI systems should be treated as mere technological tools, electronic agents, or autonomous decision-making mechanisms whose actions must nevertheless be attributed to the persons or entities deploying them. The study finds that existing principles of contract law can accommodate many forms of automated contracting, particularly where AI operates within predefined parameters and remains subject to effective human oversight. However, highly autonomous and self-learning systems create uncertainty where outcomes are unexpected, erroneous, or beyond the immediate contemplation of the user. The paper concludes that India should adopt a technology-neutral but accountability-oriented framework that preserves the enforceability of AI-assisted contracts while clearly assigning responsibility to the human and corporate actors who design, deploy, control, and commercially benefit from AI systems.

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CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF AI-DRIVEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Volume IV Special Issue I /

CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF AI-DRIVEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Dr. Deepanshi Dahiya Chandarana, Dr.Deepanshi Dahiya Chandarana,Assistant Professor,KES Shri Jayantilal H. Patel Law College (India) Adv. Harjas Pratap Singh Anand, Advocate at Delhi High Court (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.19 Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed the way consumers interact with products and services. From personalized recommendations on e-commerce platforms to AI-powered chatbots, virtual assistants, automated financial services, and smart devices, AI has become deeply embedded in everyday consumer experiences. While these technological advancements offer greater convenience, efficiency, and personalization, they also raise important concerns regarding consumer rights and protection. The increasing reliance on AI-driven systems has given rise to several challenges, including algorithmic bias, lack of transparency in decision-making, misuse of personal data, targeted manipulation of consumer behaviour, and difficulties in determining liability when harm occurs. Traditional consumer protection laws were primarily designed for human-driven transactions and may not adequately address the unique risks posed by autonomous and data-intensive technologies. This paper examines the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and consumer protection by analysing the legal and regulatory challenges associated with AI-driven products and services. It explores whether existing consumer protection frameworks are capable of safeguarding consumers in an increasingly automated marketplace and evaluates emerging regulatory approaches adopted across different jurisdictions. The paper further highlights the need for greater transparency, accountability, data protection, and effective redress mechanisms to ensure that technological innovation does not come at the cost of consumer rights. Despite growing scholarship on AI governance and data privacy, limited attention has been devoted to examining consumer protection concerns arising specifically from AI-driven products and services. This paper seeks to address this gap by evaluating the adequacy of existing consumer protection frameworks in the context of emerging AI technologies. The study concludes that while AI has the potential to significantly enhance consumer welfare, its responsible deployment requires a robust and adaptive legal framework that balances innovation with fairness, trust, and consumer protection in the digital age.

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LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Sanjay Anjana Damodare, 3rd Semester, Criminal Law & Criminal Administration Student at Kes’ Shri. Jayantilal H.Patel LawCollege (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.18 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being adopted in India across sectors such as governance, law enforcement, welfare administration, and the justice delivery system. While AI offers efficiency and improved decision-making, its growing use raises serious concerns regarding the protection of human rights in the Indian context. This paper examines the impact of AI technologies on fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India, particularly the rights to equality, freedom, privacy, and life and personal liberty under Articles 14, 19, and 21.  The study focuses on the use of AI-driven tools such as facial recognition systems, predictive policing, biometric identification, and automated decision-making in public administration. It highlights the risks of algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, mass surveillance, and exclusion of vulnerable and marginalised groups. The research adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology, relying on constitutional provisions, judicial precedents, policy documents, and international human rights standards to assess AI-related rights implications. These concerns are analysed in light of Indian constitutional jurisprudence, with specific reference to the Supreme Court’s decision in Retired Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, which recognised the right to privacy as a fundamental right and developed the proportionality framework for evaluating State action affecting privacy. The paper also examines India’s emerging legal and policy framework, including the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and governmental initiatives on responsible AI. It argues that existing safeguards remain inadequate to fully address the human rights challenges posed by AI technologies. The paper concludes by emphasising the need for a human right–based regulatory framework that incorporates principles of transparency, accountability, proportionality, and human oversight, ensuring that the use of AI in India aligns with constitutional values and democratic governance.

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IMPACT OF LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN MSMES OF RAIGAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Volume IV Special Issue I /

IMPACT OF LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN MSMES OF RAIGAD DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA Mr. Riyaz Nawabullah Pathan, Research Scholar, Pillai College of Arts, Commerce & Science (Autonomous) Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra (India) Dr. Farhat Fatma Mumtaz Husain Shaikh, Assistant Professor, Pillai College of Arts, Commerce & Science (Autonomous) Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.17 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are widely regarded as an important segment of the Indian economy because of their contribution to employment generation, industrial production, exports, and regional development. Efficient Working Capital Management (WCM) is particularly significant for MSMEs, as they largely depend on short-term funds for managing cash, inventory, receivables, payables, and day-to-day operational requirements. In recent years, legal reforms and the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital financial technologies have influenced the working capital practices of MSMEs. This study examines the impact of law and AI on working capital management of MSMEs in Raigad District, Maharashtra. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 MSME owners and managers through a structured questionnaire, supported by secondary data from journals, government reports, statutory materials, and official publications. Simple statistical tools such as percentage analysis, tabulation, and comparison have been used for analysis. The findings show that 62% of MSMEs surveyed are aware of legal provisions such as the MSME Act and GST laws, while 38% still lack such awareness. Further, 75% of respondents reported that GST has a high to moderate impact on working capital due to advance tax payments and delays in input tax credit. The study also finds that 48% of MSMEs have adopted AI-based or digital tools, mainly for cash-flow forecasting, inventory management, and receivables control, while 52% have not yet adopted such tools. The distinct contribution of this study lies in examining the combined effect of legal regulation and AI adoption on MSME working capital at the district level, with specific reference to Raigad. The study concludes that legal awareness, timely compliance, and gradual adoption of AI-based financial tools can improve liquidity, reduce receivable delays, and strengthen the long-term sustainability of MSMEs.

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LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI): A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE: AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

LAW IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI): A FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVE: AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION Dhrishti Haresh Bhindora, SYLLM ,3rd Semester, Business Law,Jayantilal H. Patel College of Law (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.12 The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence has significantly influenced legal systems worldwide, reshaping social structures and legal processes. Over the past two decades, Artificial Intelligence based technologies have been adopted in legal research, judicial administration, governance, surveillance, welfare delivery, and automated decision-making, directly affecting individual rights and obligations. Although Artificial Intelligence is promoted as enhancing efficiency and institutional effectiveness, its increasing integration within legal frameworks raises serious concerns relating to transparency, accountability, fairness, employment displacement, and the protection of fundamental human rights and personal data. The impact of Artificial Intelligence varies across generations due to differences in digital literacy, economic access, physical capability, and exposure to automated systems. Older generations often face exclusion as essential services become digitized, while younger generations experience continuous data monitoring, algorithmic profiling, and automated assessments with limited awareness or informed consent. These generational disparities present distinct human rights challenges requiring focused legal examination. This paper analyses Artificial Intelligence from a foundational legal perspective, focusing on equality, dignity, privacy, and access to justice within the Indian constitutional framework. Using doctrinal and analytical methods, it evaluates whether existing constitutional values, statutory safeguards, and judicial principles adequately regulate technological advancement. It argues that Artificial Intelligence must function only as a supplementary tool to human judgment, ethical reasoning, and constitutional morality, preventing excessive dependence that undermines human autonomy and legal accountability.

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