LIJDLR

Digital Governance

DIGITAL DATA PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Volume IV Special Issue I /

DIGITAL DATA PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Deepti Prakash Singh, Research scholar in the Faculty of Law, University of Allahabad (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.28 In this AI-driven world, with the consistent growth of digital information, data privacy has become a critical concern for individuals because personal data has become a new currency in this digitally interconnected world. This article explores common threats, vulnerabilities, and challenges relating to data protection and examines how the rapid development of artificial intelligence has transformed data-processing capabilities. Key principles such as data minimisation, express consent, transparency, accountability, and lawful processing are discussed. Further, this article focuses on digital governance in India with reference to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Its objective is to examine how the law seeks to protect digital personal data with legal clarity and to ensure fair, lawful, and transparent processing. It also discusses the Act’s overall impact on individuals and industries, and how it helps encourage stronger privacy norms to boost digital trust. The paper finds that India’s data-protection framework is a significant legislative step, but its effectiveness depends on clear enforcement, institutional independence, user awareness, and responsible AI governance. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of maintaining harmony between innovation, privacy, transparency, and legitimate state functions to establish strong rights. Strict penalties and a responsible digital regulator are essential to strengthening the digital future. However, regardless of several preventive laws and measures, users of digital services must possess adequate digital awareness and literacy to understand cyber risks and support informed decision-making. Hence, data privacy and responsibility in AI development are among the most important pillars of sustainable digital growth.

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AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

Volume IV Special Issue I /

AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION Adv. Uchita G. Barve, 3rd Semester S. Y. LLM Student at Kes College of Law, University of Mumbai, Mumbai (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v4sil.27 The rapid evolution of technology has profoundly transformed modern life, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerging as one of the most influential technological developments. By processing vast datasets, predicting outcomes, and assisting decision-making, AI enhances efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. While these advancements promote social and economic development, they also raise significant human rights concerns. The widespread use of AI introduces challenges such as privacy violations, mass surveillance, algorithmic bias, job displacement, cybercrime, and the misuse of deepfakes. Vulnerable groups, particularly women and children, face increased risks of online exploitation, harassment, and non-consensual content. These concerns necessitate a careful evaluation of whether existing legal frameworks are sufficient to regulate AI without hindering innovation. AI tools like ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Google Translate have transformed and reshaped education, workplaces, healthcare, and governance. Innovations such as virtual court hearings and telemedicine have improved accessibility and efficiency. However, in medical and judicial contexts, AI may also threaten professional autonomy and human judgment. Despite its benefits, AI poses risks such as overreliance, reduced physical activity, and threats to employment. For instance, large-scale automation in countries like China has reduced reliance on human labour. Additionally, AI’s ability to access and misuse personal data, including through platforms like Google Photos, raises serious concerns about privacy and dignity. In India, initiatives such as Bhashini, Kisan E-Mitra, and Aarogya Setu demonstrate AI’s positive impact. However, robust legal and ethical frameworks are essential to ensure that AI development aligns with human rights principles, safeguarding dignity, equality, and freedom. This paper examines the intersection of AI and human rights in India. It evaluates AI’s impact on privacy, equality, dignity, and freedom of expression, reviews national and international legal frameworks, and highlights the urgent need for ethical governance and balanced regulation.

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DEEPFAKES AND GENERATIVE AI IN INDIA: RETHINKING THE LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITAL GOVERNANCE

Volume IV Issue III /

DEEPFAKES AND GENERATIVE AI IN INDIA: RETHINKING THE LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITAL GOVERNANCE Omkar Acharya, LLM, 2nd Semester,Fakir Mohan University, PG Department of Law, Odisha, (India) Shibanee Acharya, LLM, 2nd Semester,Fakir Mohan University, PG Department of Law, Odisha, (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.286 The rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed digital innovation while raising complex legal and constitutional concerns. Among its most disruptive manifestations is deepfake technology, which enables the creation of realistic synthetic audio, video and images capable of blurring the distinction between fact and fabrication. In India, the misuse of deepfakes has raised serious concerns relating to privacy, misinformation, electoral integrity, cybercrime, defamation, intellectual property, national security and gender-based digital violence. While the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 provide partial remedies, they do not fully address the regulatory challenges posed by AI-generated synthetic media. This paper critically examines India’s legal framework on deepfakes and Generative AI, particularly in light of fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution, and judicial developments concerning privacy, free speech, dignity and digital governance. Using doctrinal and comparative legal research methods, the study also evaluates international approaches, including the European Union AI Act, the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, and selected regulatory measures in the United States and China. It argues for a constitutionally grounded and risk-based AI governance framework that ensures accountability, transparency and protection of individual rights while preserving technological innovation. The paper recommends dedicated AI regulation incorporating algorithmic accountability, mandatory watermarking of AI-generated content, platform liability and institutional oversight mechanisms. The study contributes to digital constitutionalism by proposing legal reforms aligned with Indian constitutional principles and the evolving digital landscape.

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A DOCTRINAL ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: FROM COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS TO DIGITAL GOVERNANCE

Volume IV Issue I /

A DOCTRINAL ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: FROM COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS TO DIGITAL GOVERNANCE Lamiya Sultana, Assistant Professor & Program Coordinator, School of legal Studies, Swami Vivekananda University (India) Download Manuscript doi.org/10.70183/lijdlr.2026.v04.134 The Constitution of India represents a transformative legal and political framework shaped by the historical, social, and psychological experiences of colonial rule. Far beyond a static legal document, it embodies the aspirations of a newly independent nation striving to secure justice, liberty, equality, and dignity for its citizens. This paper undertakes a doctrinal study of India’s constitutional transformation, tracing its evolution from colonial governance structures to its contemporary engagement with digital realities. The study examines the psychological foundations underlying the framing of the Constitution, including the influence of colonial repression, nationalist movements, and the desire for social reconstruction. It further analyzes how constitutional principles have been interpreted and reinterpreted through judicial doctrines such as the Basic Structure Doctrine, constitutional morality, and transformative constitutionalism. In the contemporary context, the Constitution faces new challenges arising from globalization, technological advancements, and digital governance. Issues such as data privacy, artificial intelligence, freedom of speech in the digital sphere, and judicial independence demand nuanced constitutional responses. Through an analysis of landmark judicial decisions and legislative developments, this paper argues that while the Constitution remains structurally resilient, its continued relevance depends on dynamic interpretation and adaptive governance.

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